Post on 23-Dec-2015
206AR-WEEK 6DESIGN: DRAWİNGS & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
VOCABULARY
DRAWINGS
WARM-UP
Watch the video and talk about these questions.
Do you like drawing? Are you good at it? Why do architects need drawing skills? Could you be an architect? What skills do you need to be an
architect?
DRAWING??
The ART or SKILL of making pictures,
plans, etc. by using a pen or pencil
How many types of drawing do you know?
Engineering Drawing (ED)
A type of technical drawing used to define requirements
for engineered items
More than just the drawing of pictures
A graphical language communicating ideas and
information
Communicates all needed information from the engineer
who designed a part to the workers who will make it.
Engineering Drawing (ED)
ED & AD are both types of drawing
ED shares some traits with AD in that both create
pictures.
The purpose of AD is to convey emotion or artistic
sensitivity in some way (subjective impressions).
The purpose of ED is to convey information
(objective facts).
Engineering Drawing (ED)
Anyone can appreciate AD (even a viewer has his own unique
appreciation)
ED requires some training to understand (like any language)
But there is also a high degree of objective commonality in the
interpretation (also like other languages).
ED has evolved into a language that is more precise than natural
languages
It is closer to a programming language in its communication
ability.
Read the text «Drawings» in five minutes. Underline the words and sentences you don’t understand.
READING
DRAWING TYPES & SCALES In engineering, most design information is
shown on drawings.
They are produced on computer, using
CAD (computer-aided design) systems. CAD is pronounced as a word: /kæd/.
DRAWING TYPES & SCALES
Vocabulary item (CAD) Sample
sentences
CAD systems which work in 3 dimensions
will produce ‘drawing’ files using 3D
position co-ordinates.
A drawing office can get rid of two-thirds of
its employees if it installs a CAD system.
DRAWING TYPES & SCALES
A key factor on a drawing is the scale – that is, the size
of items on the drawing in relation to their real size.
Scale: The relationship between the actual size of sth and
its size on a map, diagram, or model that it represents
When all the items on a drawing are shown relative to
their real size, the drawing is drawn to scale, and can be
called a scale drawing.
DRAWING TYPES & SCALES
An example of a scale is 1:10 (one to ten). At
1:10, an object with a length of 100 mm in real
life would measure 10 mm on the drawing.
It was a scale drawing of a miniature
microphone, perfectly reproduced, which was in
reality no larger than a sugar cube.
Both plans are drawn to the same scale.
Our models are made to scale.
DRAWING TYPES & SCALES
Most engineering designs consist of a set of drawings
(a number of related drawings):
General Arrangement (GA) drawings show whole
devices or structures, using a small scale. This
means objects on the drawing are small, relative to
their real size (for example, a 1:100 drawing of an
entire building).
DRAWING TYPES & SCALES
DRAWING TYPES & SCALES
DRAWING TYPES & SCALES
DRAWING TYPES & SCALES
Detail drawings show parts in detail, using a large
scale, such as 1:5 or 1:2.
Small parts are sometimes shown in a detail as
actual size (1:1), or can be enlarged to bigger than
actual size (for example, 2:1).
DRAWING TYPES & SCALES
For electrical circuits, and pipe and duct networks, it
is helpful to show designs in a simplified form. In this
case, schematic drawings (often referred to as
schematics) are used. An everyday example is the
map of a train network.
Schematic: In the form of a diagram that shows the
main features or relationships but not the details.
NOTE: When written, drawing is often abbreviated to
dwg.
DRAWING TYPES & SCALES
COMP. Qs (ask & answer the Qs. in pairs)
1) What kinds of drawings does Part A mention?
Ans: General arrangement, detail, and schematic dwgs
2) Describe each drawing type, indicating the differences
among them.
Ans: GA dwgs show whole devices or building, using a small
scale.
On the other hand, detail dwgs show parts in detail, using a
large scale.
Schematic dwg, different from the two, show designs such as
electrical circuits or duct (tube or pipe) networks in a very
simplified form.
Technicians are discussing different views
shown on drawings (looking at
components from above, from the side,
etc.) as they search for the information
they require.
We need a view from above showing the
general arrangement of all of the roof
panels –a plan of the whole area.
TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG
Plan: A drawing of a building, room, or machine as it
would be seen from above, showing the shape, size,
and position of the wall, doors, and windows, etc.
A street plan (= a type of map of a town showing
the roads)
An easy way of planning a new bathroom is to draw
a 1:20 scale plan of the room on graph paper.
So the most helpful thing to do before you start
shopping is to draw up a scale plan of the room.
TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG
According to the list, there are elevations of all
four sides of the machine on drawing 28. So one of
those should show the front of the machine.
Elevation: One side of a building, or a drawing of
this by an architect
This plan shows the front, side and back
elevations of the new supermarket.
Only one of the four elevations of the building will
be seen with the foreign office.
TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG
This sketch shows
the front elevation of the house.
TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG
TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG
This sketch shows side elevation of the
house.
There should be a section through the pipe,
showing the valve inside, on drawing 36.
Section: a drawing or a diagram of sth as it
would look if it were cut from top to bottom
or from one side to the other.
The illustration shows a section through a
leaf.
The architect drew the house in section.
TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG
Figure 5.1 shows a section through the
window.
TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG
TYPES O VIEWS ON DWG
This diagram shows the shops in section.
We need an exploded view of the
mechanism, showing the components
spaced out.
Exploded: showing the parts of sth
separately but also showing how they are
connected to each other
An exploded diagram of an engine
TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG
An exploded view drawing is
a diagram, picture or technical drawing of an object, that
shows the relationship or order of assembly of various
parts.
An exploded view shows an assembly's components
spread out, but positioned to show how they fit together
when assembled.
You create exploded views by selecting and dragging
parts in the graphics area, creating one or more explode
steps. In exploded views you can:
TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG
Evenly space exploded stacks of components
(hardware, washers, and so on).
Attach a new component to the existing explode steps
of another component. This is useful if you add a new
part to an assembly that already has an exploded
view.
If a subassembly has an exploded view, reuse that
view in a higher-level assembly.
Add explode lines to indicate component relationships.
TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG
TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG
Oblique projection: shows an object with
one of its faces at the front. The 3D shape
of the object is shown by lines at 45
degrees from the horizontal.
A 45° plan oblique projection is
sometimes referred to as an
axonometric/cavalier projection.
TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG
Isometric projection: shows an object with
one of its corners at the front. The 3D shape
of the object is shown by lines at 30 degrees
from the horizontal.
It is an isometric view of a cube.
The isometric projection gives equal
emphasis to all three dimensions,
which are orientated at 120° intervals.
TYPES OF VIEWS ON DWG
DRAWINGS
VOCABULARY WORKSHEET
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
WARM-UP
Talk about these questions.
When you are designing a house, how can you learn about your customer’s wishes?
If you are working as a team, how can you work in coordination?
Vocabulary items (Part A)
Brief (n.): The detailed instructions or information that are given at a meeting
Design brief: A written document for a design project, which
includes a description of design objectives This is a brief outline of exactly what designers have
to do. This outline summarizes the aim of designers’ task
and states briefly the type of thing that is needed.
Read the text «Design Development» in five minutes. Underline the words and sentences you don’t understand.
READING
Vocabulary items (Part A)
Let’s imagine I am a website designer and you
want me to design a website. Obviously, unless
you tell me what you want, in the way of
content, layout and colourings etc - or at least
some ideas, I wouldn’t know where to start, so
the information I would want from you is the
design brief: a set of instructions or suggestions
as a starting point from which to proceed further.
Vocabulary items (Part A)
There are essentially two types
of design brief that you could
use. The first is an "open
brief" and the second is
a "closed brief".
Vocabulary items (Part A)
An open design brief
This type of design brief enables you to
devise (create) many possible solutions to
the need. It allows you to have a large
degree of freedom to experiment with a
range of design proposals (ideas). An
open brief does not tell you what the
solution is going to be and will be useful if
you do not know exactly what you are
going to produce at this stage.
Vocabulary items (Part A)
A closed design brief
This will limit the range of solutions
you can determine for your project
and limits your design ideas by
suggesting (offering) the type of
solution you have to produce. It
doesn't tell you exactly what your
design will look like but it will state
what the solution will be.
Vocabulary items (Part A)
Concept (n.):
An idea of how sth is, or how sth should be done.
A design concept is the general idea for a design.
For instance a design concept for a website might
sound like
"It will be mostly dark muted colors with some
orange highlights, and use the theme of circles that
will be repeated throughout the site. "
Vocabulary items (Part A)
Sketch (n.):
a simple picture that is drawn quickly
and does not have many details
E.g. She drew a sketch map of the area to show us the
way.
E.g. Richard drew a rough sketch of his apartment on a
napkin.
E.g. An automobile is born in a simple sketch and finally
hits
the road years later, after a rigorous round of tests.
Vocabulary items (Part A)
Preliminary Drawings:
The initial plans for projects prepared by the
designer or
architects and engineers firm during the early
planning or
promotinal stage of the building development.
They provide a means of communication
between the designer and the user.
Vocabulary items (Part A)
Preliminary Drawings:
These drawings are not used for construction, but
they are used for exploring design concepts,
material selection, preliminary cost estimates,
approval by the customer, and they form a basis for
the preparation of finished working drawings.
E.g. Preliminary drawings are then turned into
working
drawings.
Comprehension Qs. Read part A in the book and answer the following Qs.1) What are the dwg types mentioned in the e-mail? Please
definethem in your own words.Ans: rough sketches & preliminary drawings
Rough sketches are very simple pictures drawn quickly without
much detail. On the other hand, preliminary dwgs (PDs) are the
next step in which we develop skecthes into (PDs). PDs give us
detailed information about the building, providing a basis for the
preparation of working drawings.
Comprehension Qs. Read part A in the book and answer the following Qs.
Why do the ideas of the architect form an adventurous
concept?
Ans: Because the design brief was pretty open. In other
words,
the architect was able to reach a variety of
ideas/solutions since the design brief gave him a large
degree of freedom to do so.
Vocabulary items (Part B)
Draft (n.):
a piece of a plan that is not yet in its finished
form
E.g. To finalize a design project, you have to go
over your first draft again and again.
E.g. The differences are beyond recognition
between the
rough/original and final drafts of the building.
Vocabulary items (Part B)
Issue (v.):
give sth to sb, especially officially
Syn: send out, distribute
E.g. The sketches of the camera were
issued to the team head.
E.g. The preliminary drawings have been
issued to the specialists in our team.
Vocabulary items (Part B)
Circulate (v.):
send information to all people in a group
Syn: send out, distribute
E.g. The sketches of the camera were
circulated to all members.
E.g. The preliminary drawings have been
circulated to all the team members.
Vocabulary items (Part B)
Comment (on) (v.):
to express an opinion about sth
E.g. After our specialists recevie the sketches,
they will
comment on them.
E.g. The client did not comment on the
drawings, so we
thought she had liked them.
Vocabulary items (Part B)
Amend (v.):
change sth slightly in order to correct a mistake or
improve it
Syn: revise
E.g. Following the comments of the unit head, we are
going to amend/revise some of the drawings.
Amendment (n.)
E.g. She has done some amendments to the rough
sketches.
Vocabulary items (Part B)
Supersede (v.):
take the place of sth that is no longer the best available
Syn: replace
E.g. At the end of a design development phase, all rough
sketches are usually superseded by finished working
drawings.
E.g. After certain amendments, drawing 130A becomes
drawing 130B. In other words, dwg 130A is
superseded (by dwg 130B).
Vocabulary items (Part B)
Refine (v.):
to improve sth by making small changes to it
Syn: amend, revise
E.g. The testers made some comments and
critiques that helped us refine the design.
E.g. To decide where to refine the design, you
have to look at the overall drive system.
Vocabulary items (Part B)
Sign off (phr. v.):
to give your formal approval to sth, by signing
your name
Syn: authorize
E.g. Major repainting work needs to be signed
off by a qualified engineer.
E.g. After some amendments, senior engineers
generally sign off/authorize drawings.
Vocabulary items (Part B)
Work to sth (phr. v.):
to follow a plan/design
E.g. After working drawings are finalized,
the construction team can work to them.
E.g. The fabrication team will work to the
plan when we receive clarification about
the current drawing.
Student A
Look at the flow chart across the bottom of page
10 and describe the design development process
in your own words to your partner. While talking
about the chart, try to explain the new
vocabulary items.
PAIR-WORK
Student B
Look at the flow chart across the bottom of page
10 and while listening to your partner, try to ask
further questions about the design development
process and vocab items.
DESIGN BRIEF
ROUGH SKETCH
ESPRELIMINARY DWGs
Revision
WORKING DWGsRevision
TRY TO EXPLAIN THE FLOW CHART
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
VOCABULARY WORKSHEET
DRAWINGS & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
VOCABULARY GAME