2019 MWEA IPP SeminarCity of Kalamazoo

PFAS Case Study – Kalamazoo Water Reclamation Plant

Presentation by Steve Rochow

Environmental Compliance Specialist

City of Kalamazoo

Located in Southwest Michigan

POTW: Kalamazoo Water Reclamation Plant (KWRP)

Service 22 different municipalities

Service Population: 230,000 people

Collection System: 900 miles of pipes

KWRP discharges to the Kalamazoo River

Non-Drinking Water Stream

City of KalamazooKalamazoo Water Reclamation Plant

Daily Average Flow:

26 MGD

Design Flow:

53.5 MGD

Primary Treatment: Physical Settling

Secondary Treatment: Activated Sludge with Powder Activated Carbon addition

Tertiary Treatment:

Sand Filter and Chlorination

Solids Handling:

Landfill

Treatment Time

Influent-Effluent:

24 hours

City of KalamazooIndustrial Pretreatment Program

COK IPP established in 1985

Currently has 31 Significant Industrial Users

22 Categorical Industrial Users

4.5 MGD from SIU

17% of Plant Influent

MDEQ Letter February 20, 2018PFAS Source Evaluation and Reduction Requirements

Potential Significant Sources of PFOS & PFOA

Conduct Initial Screening

• Metal Finishers – especially platers

• Landfills - Tanneries, Fabric/leather treaters, Paper manufactures

• Contaminated Sites - Firefighting foam, Metal Finishing Waste, Water/Stain repellent treatment chemicals

• Centralized Waste Treatment Facilities

• Any other industrial users that use, or have used, the PFAS-containing chemicals

City of Kalamazoo established a list of 34 industrial users with 38 sample locations

All SIU but 3 facilities – haul process waste off-site

Approved by MDEQ PFAS Specialist

MDEQ Letter February 20, 2018PFAS Source Evaluation and Reduction Requirements

Potential Significant Sources of PFOS & PFOA

Develop a Sample Plan

Fleis & Vandenbrink

Special Thanks Jim Brode & Amber Jane Schneider

Sample Plan approved by MDEQ

Perform Source Monitoring

34 Industrial Users

38 Sample Locations

Sampled over 4 days

April 11, 12, 13 & 17, 2018

Ladies and Gentlemen, The story you are about to see (hear) is true. The names of the industries have been changed to protect the innocent. Sample Codes are used.

Industrial User Summary

• PFOA – No Industrial User above 12,000 ng/L • Highest PFOA 230 ng/L (Landfill)

• PFOS – 22 out of 38 sample locations were non-detect (58%)

• PFOS – 6 out of 38 sample locations were equal or below 12 ng/L (16%)

• PFOS – 10 out of 38 sample locations were 13 ng/L or greater (26%)• 1 Metal Finishing Plater

• 2 Paper Manufactures

• 2 Landfills (Capped) – One landfill has two monitoring locations

• 2 Aluminum Forming/Extrusion/Anodizing

• 2 Remediation Sites

Industrial User Group-Metal Finishers• Sample Code 40 CFR PFOA PFOS

• AFC 433.17 ND ND

• ACU 433.17 ND 3.7

• BEN 433.17 ND ND

• BL1 433.15 ND 2.1

• BL2 433.15 ND 3.6

• KTF 433.17 2.7 ND

• KPP2 433.17 ND ND

• PN1 433.15 ND ND

• STP2 433.17 ND ND

• WC2 433.17 ND ND

Industrial User Group

• Industrial Group Sample Code PFOA PFOS

• Aluminum Forming/Extrusion• KSA1 4.5 17

• Extrusion/Anodizing• BWS ND 76

• Metal Platers• KMF 3.3 ND• LIK2 ND 30

• Brewery• BELL ND ND

Industrial User Groups• Industrial Groups Sample Code PFOA PFOS

• Pharmaceutical Facilities

• UJB ND 3.4

• UJK ND ND

• ZOE1 ND ND

• Commercial Laundries

• CLS ND ND

• DLS 60 ND

• DPU ND ND

• TEX 24 ND

Industrial User Groups

• Industrial Group Sample Code PFOA PFOS

• Paper Manufacturers

• JRC ND 150

• GBP2 ND 20

• ARC 10 9.7

• HEX ND 10

• Chemical Manufactures

• AC1 ND ND

• KSC ND ND

Industrial User Groups

• Industrial Groups Sample Code PFOA PFOS

• Landfills KVG 200 61

MDS 230 94

MDS2 210 410

• Remediation Sites STC ND ND

HMH 170 110

PPP3C ND 8000

PFOS Loadings

• Sample Code Conc.(ng/L) Flow (GPD) Loading (lbs/day)

• PPP3C 8000 85,392 0.005697354 79%

• JRC 150 826,000 0.001033326 14%

• MDS2 410 110,465 0.000377724 5%

• BWS 76 114,660 0.000072676 1%

• MDS 94 32,914 0.000025803 <1%

• HMH 110 16,291 0.000014945 <1%

• KSA1 17 28,362 0.000004021 <1%

• LIK2 30 14,000 0.000003503 <1%

• GBP2 20 14,925 0.000002489 <1%

• KVG 61 3,435 0.000001748 <1%

• Total 0.007233590

KWRP Influent & Effluent Monitoring

• Date Influent Date Effluent

• 5/20/18 38 ppt 5/21/18 38 ppt

• 5/22/18 37 ppt 5/23/18 35 ppt

• 5/31/18 50 ppt 6/1/18 29 ppt

State of Michigan Remediation Site:Production Plated Plastics• Most Significant Contributor of PFOS to KWRP

• Former Metal Plater used foam to cover chrome tanks

• Remediation Site for Chrome and Nickel (low levels)

• Discharge contaminated groundwater for greater than 25 years to Kalamazoo Water Reclamation Plant

• KWRP outfall greater than 12 ng/L for PFOS (Above WQS)

• Kalamazoo Water Reclamation Plant issued a Cessation of Discharge letter to State of Michigan MDEQ on June 21, 2018

• KWRP increased carbon addition from 4500 lbs/day to 7500 lbs/day• $1,380 per day for additional carbon

Italy Vacation

KWRP Influent & Effluent Monitoring

• Date Influent Date Effluent• State of Michigan PPP remediation system shut-off 6/21/18• KWRP carbon addition increased by 3,000 lbs/day 6/26/18• 6/26/18 39 ppt 6/27/18 28 ppt (Split w/Merit 20)• 7/2/18 15 ppt 7/3/18 8.4 ppt• 7/10/18 11 ppt 7/11/18 12 ppt• Agreement with State of Michigan to re-start groundwater system• 7/16/18 36 ppt 7/17/18 22 ppt• 7/24/18 <9.9 ppt?(60 ppt) 7/25/18 24 ppt (Merit 40 ppt)• State of Michigan installed treatment system

State of Michigan Remediation Site - Production Plated Plastic

City of Parchment’s Water Distribution System

• Source Wells contaminated with PFAS• 6/28/18 Plant Tap PFOA 600 ng/L PFOS 510 ng/L

• 7/26/18 Plant Tap PFOA 170 ng/L PFOS 110 ng/L• Well 1 PFOA 220 ng/L PFOS 170 ng/L

• Well 2 PFOA 780 ng/L PFOS 740 ng/L

• Well 3 PFOA 140 ng/L PFOS 94 ng/L

• Governor issued State of Emergency for City of Parchment & portions of Cooper Township on 7/29/18 – no drinking water order

• City of Parchment shuts down water system

• City of Parchment started handing out water to residents with 12 hours of announcement

City of Parchment’s Water Distribution System

• City of Kalamazoo connects water system through 3 temporary connection points – fire trucks between hydrants• Backflow preventers (RPZ) on each connection

• Flushed water system with COK water for 3 days• Most flush water went to sanitary sewer 7/27-29/18

• KWRP Influent 7/31/18 PFOA <10 ng/L PFOS 190 ng/L

• KWRP Effluent 8/1/18 PFOA 13 ng/L PFOS 25 ng/L

• City of Parchment water system PFAS test compliant August 27, 2018

• City of Kalamazoo built three permanent connections and has taken over water operations for City of Parchment

Parchment Paper Mill – City of Parchment

Parchment Paper Mill

• NPDES Permit to the Kalamazoo River

• Clarifier for solids removal

• Lagoons for BOD removal

• Landfill for disposal of solids

• Source of PFAS – 3M product• Fluoroalkyl Polymer 32-35%

• Trade Secret

KWRP PFAS Activities• KWRP Weekly Effluent Sampling: Non-Detect from 8/8/18 to 12/27/18

• MDEQ placed KWRP in Bin 3a (Quarterly monitoring) 8/20/18

• Placed facilities above 12 ng/L on PFAS Pollutant Reduction Plan - Aug 2018

• KWRP decrease carbon levels back to “normal” levels 10/2/18

• KWRP selected to participate in MDEQ Statewide POTW Biosolids PFAS Evaluation 10/31/18

• KWRP switch labs from PACE to Vista in January 2019• Influent PFOA 6.89 ng/L PFOS 3.84 ng/L• Effluent PFOA 5.77 ng/L PFOS 3.09 ng/L

• MDEQ moved KWRP to Bin 2 (Semi-Annual monitoring) 2/11/19

• Continue to work with industrial customers on PFAS - PRP

PFAS-PFOS Pollutant Reduction Plan Monitoring• Sample Code April 2018 (PACE) Nov 2018 (PACE) June 2019 (Vista)

• HMH 110 ND ND

• PPP3C 8000 ND ND

• GBP2 20 ND ND

• KSA1 17 2.4 ND

• MDS 94 86 55

• MDS2 410 380 243

• KVG 61 39 27.5

• JRC 150 100 7.18

• LIK2 30 40 3

• BWS 76 69 26.3

• Total lbs/day 0.007233590 0.000928349 0.000314904• 87% Reduction 66% Reduction

New ChallengesContamination Sites impacting Water

Source Wells

Kalamazoo Area – PFAS Contamination Sites

Georgia Pacific/Nolichucky Paper Mills Site

Final Comments• Development of KPART – Team approach

• Source Reduction to control effluent levels

• Selection of Consultant and Lab

• Dealing with media (M-Live)

• Still developing strategy for long-term solution to contaminated sites• Old Parchment Paper Mill site• Production Plated Plastic remediation site• Georgia Pacific/Nolichucky site

• Long term strategy for industrial customers – Development of Local Limit with SAL• Awaiting for EPA 136 Method

• Special Thanks to Tom Berdinski (MDEQ-EGLE)

QUESTIONS