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8/3/2019 2012 Midterm Notes
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Note: The following content is copyrighted! Fair use claim for educational
purposes. TD1-DDP / Mr. FungMidterm Notes
[000] Technology and Science
Science Science deals with acquiring knowledge through experimentation and research
Technology Technology deals with human-made world and development of our surroundings
Engineer A person who is trained in and uses technological and scientific knowledge to solve
practical problems
Innovation An improvement of an existing technological product, system, or method
Invention A new product, system, or process that has never existed before, created by study and
experimentation
Product A tangible artifact produced by means of either human or mechanical work, or bybiological or chemical process.
Solution A method or process for solving a problem
Technology can have negative impacts, such as pollution, medical problems, usage of resources and
unemployment Trade-off An exchange of one thing in return for another: especially the relinquishment of one
benefit or advantage for another regarded as more desirable
Evolution A gradual development; in engineering, technology evolves to minimize the negative
impacts of a particular design, i.e. improve trade-offs of a technology
Brainstorming A group technique for solving problems, generating ideas, stimulating creativethinking
Rules of Brainstorming 1) No criticism allowed, 2) Work for quantity, 3) Welcome piling-on, 4)
Allow free-for-all
Portfolio - A set of pieces of creative work intended to demonstrate a persons ability
[001] Design Brief
Design An iterative decision-making process that produces plans by which resources are converted
or systems that meet human needs and wants or solves problems
Designer A person who designs any of a variety of things
Iterative Describing a procedure or process that repeatedly executes a series of operations until
some condition is satisfied
Design Brief A written plan that identifies a problem to be solved, its criteria, and its constraints.The design brief is used to encourage thinking of all aspects of a problem before attempting a
solution.
Problem Identification The recognition of an unwelcome or harmful matter needing to be dealt with Design Statement A part of the design brief that challenges the designer, describes what design
solution should do without describing how to solve the problem, and identifies the degree to which
the solution must be executed
Client A person using the services of a professional person or organization
Target Consumer A person or group for which product or service design efforts are intended
Product A tangible artifact produced by means of either human or mechanical work, or by
biological or chemical process
Constraint A limit to a design process. Constraints may be such things as appearance, funding,
space, materials and human capabilities. (A limitation or restriction)
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Numeric Constraint a number value or algebraic equation that is used to control the size or location
of a geometric figure
Geometric Constraint Constant, non-numerical relationships between parts of a geometric figure.
Examples: parallelism, perpendicularity, concentricity
Criteria Principles or standards by which something may be judged or decided
[002] Design Process
Model - A visual, mathematical, or three-dimensional representation in detail of an object or design,
often smaller than the original. A model is often used to test ideas, make changes to a design, and to
learn more about what would happen to a similar, real object.
Prototype - A full-scale working model used to test a design concept by making actual observations
and necessary adjustments
Mockup - Also referred to as an Appearance Model. A model or replica of a machine or structure for
instructional or experimental purposes
Design Process
1. Define a Problem
Receive a problem to solve from the client. Be inspired through media exposure of a current problem and take action.
2. Brainstorm
A group problem-solving process in which each person in the group presents ideas in an open
forum.
Develop preliminary ideas.3. Research and Generate Ideas
Research solutions that may already exist; identify shortcomings and reasons why they arent
appropriate to a given situation.
Compile ideas and report findings to the team.
4. Identify Criteria and Specify Constraints
Identify constraints (i.e., budget and time are typical considerations).
Draft the Design Brief.5. Explore Possibilities
Explore alternative ideas based on further knowledge and technologies.6. Select an Approach
Decide on final idea, usually through group consensus.
7. Develop a Design Proposal
Explore the idea in greater detail with annotated sketches.
Make critical decisions such as material types and manufacturing methods.
8. Make a Model or Prototype
Make models to help communicate the idea, and study aspects such as shape, form, fit, or texture.9. Test and Evaluate the Design using Specifications
Design experiments and test the prototype in controlled and working environments.
10. Refine the Design
Make design changes; modify or rebuild the prototype.
11. Create or Make Solution
Determine custom/mass production.12. Communicate Processes and Results
Communicate the designers final solution through media such as PowerPoint, poster session,
technical report.
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[003] Geometric Shapes
Refer to PowerPoint for specific area calculations/terminology in relation to the following shapes:
Square
Rectangle
Triangle
Circle Ellipse
Polygon
Regular Polygon
Quadrilateral
Parallelogram
[004] Principles and Elements of Design
Aesthetic 1) Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty, 2) Of pleasing appearance.
Elements of Design Components used in the creation of a design. [6 elements line, form, color,
value (a.k.a. tone), space and texture]
Gestalt - The principle that maintains that the human eye sees objects in their entirety before
perceiving their individual parts
Juxtapose - To place close together
Contrast 1) The state of being noticeably different from something else when put or considered
together, 2) Enhancement of appearance provided by juxtaposing different colors or textures
Variety - A thing which differs in some way from others of the same general class
Principles of Design The components that encompass a design [5 principles balance, rhythm,
emphasis, proportion, unity (a.k.a. harmony)]
Balance - A condition in which different elements are equal or in the correct proportions. There are
three types of visual balance: symmetry (a.k.a. formal balance), asymmetry (a.k.a. informal balance),and radial.
Horizontal Balance Left and right side of a design is in similar proportion
Vertical Balance Top and bottom of a design is in similar proportion
Radial Balance Design is in similar proportion in a circular manner around an axis
Rhythm - A regularly recurring sequence of events or actions, usually to represent movement
Emphasis - Special importance, value, or prominence given to something
Proportion - The relationship of one thing to another in size, amount, etc.
Unity/Harmony - The state of being united or forming a whole
[005] Statistics and Design
Statistics - Collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, organizing, summarizing,
presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on data
Assessment An evaluation technique for technology that requires analyzing benefits and risks,understand the trade-offs and them determining the best action to that in order to ensure that the
desired positive outcomes outweigh the negative consequences.
Process A systematic sequence of actions that combines resources to produce an output.
Sequential Forming or following a logical order or sequence.
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Research The systematic study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new
conclusions.
Data Facts and statistics used for reference or analysis
Data Set A group of individual values or bits of information that are related in some way or have
some common characteristic or attribute
Mean The average or central value of a set of quantities
Median Referring to the middle term or mean of the middle two terms of a series of values arranged
in order of magnitude Mode The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set
Histogram A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data
Class Interval A group of values that is used to analyze the distribution of data
Frequency The rate at which something occurs over a particular period or in a given sample
Normal Distribution - A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-
shaped graph
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[006] Engineer Notebook
Engineers Notebook Also referred to as an Engineers Logbook. A record of design ideas
generated in the course of an engineers employment that others may not claim as their own.
Standard Something considered by an authority or by general consent as a basis of comparison.
American Nation Standards Institute (ANSI) - A private, non-profit organization that coordinates the
development and use of voluntary consensus standards in the United States
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - A non-governmental global organization
whose principal activity is the development of technical standards through consensus
Variation A change or slight difference in condition, amount or level.
Unit A standard quantity in terms of which other quantities may be expressed.
English System The measuring system based on the inch/foot, seconds and pound as units of
length, time and weight or mass.
Inch A unit of linear measure equal to 1/12 of a foot.
Metric System The decimal measuring system based on the meter, liter, and gram as units of length,capacity and weight or mass.
Millimeter A metric unit of linear measure equal to 1/1000 of a meter.
Conversion rate from English System to Metric System: 1 inch = 25.4 mm
Engineers Notebook Standards
o Pages are sequentially numbered in ink on the top outside edge.o All figures and calculations are clearly labeled.
o Entries start at the top of the page, working left-to-right and top-to-bottom.
o Each page is signed and dated before the next page is begun.
o Inserted items are permanently attached.
o Mistakes are crossed off, initialed, with correction. Never erase anything.
Annotate To add explanatory notes to.
[007] One Point Perspective
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Perspective Drawing: A form of pictorial drawing in which vanishing points are used to provide the
depth and distortion that is seen with the human eye. Perspective drawings can be drawn using one,two, and three vanishing points.
Vanishing Point: A vanishing point is a point in space, usually located on the horizon, where parallel
edges of an object appear to converge.
In a one point perspective drawing, there are only 3 types of lines:
o Horizontal
o Verticalo Diagonal to Vanishing Point
The purpose of these lines is as follows:
o Horizontal/Vertical lines represent width and height
o Diagonal lines represent the depth of the object (getting farther away from the viewer)
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[008] Computer Aided Design
Computer Aided Design (CAD) For design, the use of a computer to assist in the process of
designing a part, circuit, building, etc. or for drafting, the use of a computer to assist in the process of
communicating a technical drawing.
Solid modeling Solid Modeling is a type of 3D CAD process that represents the volume of an
object, not just its lines and surfaces.
Wireframe Modeling Wireframe Modeling is a 3D CAD process that represents the lines andsurfaces of a design.
Additive Modeling A method of modeling in which each component is created individually and
subsequent components are created as needed. This method is represented by construction processes
such as welding,gluing, mechanical fastening,joinery.
Subtractive Modeling A method of modeling in which a design is created by removing differentgeometric shapes from a solid block larger than the final design. This method is represented bymilling, drilling, turning,grinding, and other manufacturing processes.
[009] Isometric View
Pictorial Sketch: A sketch that shows an objects height, width, and depth in a single view, i.e. shows
a design in 3D
Isometric Drawing: A form of pictorial drawing in which all three drawing axes form equal angles of120 degrees with the plane of projection.
In an isometric drawing, there are only 3 types of lines that are to be drawn on each of the 3 different
isometric axes:o Line along the (30/-150 axis) to represent depth
o Line along the (150/-30 axis) to represent width
o Line along the (90/-90 axis) to represent height
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[010] Two Point Perspective
Two Point Perspective - A pictorial drawing in which receding lines converge at vanishing points on
the horizon; the most natural of all pictorial drawings.
In a two point perspective drawing, there are only 2 types of lines:
o Vertical
o Diagonal to either left or right vanishing point
The purpose of these lines is as follows:
o Vertical lines represent height
o Diagonal lines represent the width/depth of the object
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[01 2] Orthographic Projection II
Object Line: Represents outline of object (solid line)
Hidden Line: Represents an edge that is not directly visible (dotted line)
Center Mark: Denotes center of circular shapes
Centerline Bisector: Denotes axis of cylindrical shapes
Leader Line: Used to dimension radius/diameter of circles
Dimension Line: Lines with arrowheads used to show dimensions Extension Line: Used to identify the extent of a dimension
Miter Line: 45-degree line from corner from front view used to project lines
Line Convention - Standardization of lines used on technical drawings by line weight and style
Line Weight - Also called line width. The thickness of a line, characterized as thick or thin
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[013] Oblique Projection
Oblique Pictorial - A type of drawing involving a combination of a flat, orthographic front with depth
lines receding at a selected angle, usually 45 degrees
Cavalier Oblique - A form of oblique drawing in which the receding lines are drawn true size, andusually at a 45 degree angle from horizontal
Cabinet Oblique - A form of oblique drawing in which the receding lines are drawn at half scale, and
usually at a 45 degree angle from horizontal General Oblique - A general oblique is a type of oblique pictorial that represents an objects width
and height, but the depth can be any size and drawn at any angle.
Projection Plane - An imaginary surface on which the view of the object is projected and drawn. Thissurface is imagined to exist between the object and the observer.
Construction Line - Thin lines that serve as guides while sketching or drawing.
Tonal Shading A method of shading used to enhance the appearance of a pictorial drawing
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014-Basic Assembly Constraints
Assembly - A group of machine or handmade parts that fit together to form a self-contained unit.
Mate An assembly process used to constrain a surface, line or point to another surface, line or point
such that they remain in contract with one another.
Flush An assembly process used to align two surfaces at the same height.
Angle An assembly process used to set the angle between two surfaces.
Insert An assembly process used to place a cylindrical object into a cylindrical slot.
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Tangent An assembly process used to force a curved object to touch a flat surface at only one point
(spherical shapes) or on an edge (cylindrical objects). Can also be used constrain two curved surfacestogether.
Base Component The first part placed into an assembly, this component is also grounded.
Grounded Component A component that has 0 degrees of freedom (cannot move).
017-Dimensioning Rules
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - A private, non-profit organization that coordinatesthe development and use of voluntary consensus standards in the United States.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) - A professional engineering organization that is
known for setting codes and standards for mechanical devices in the United States. ASME drawing
standards are found in the Y-14M publications.
The front view of an orthographic projection should be the view of the object that has the least
amount of hidden lines, largest width and shows the shape of the object most clearly.
Location Dimension A dimension that shows the distance between features
Size Dimension- A dimension that shows the length of a feature
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Baseline/Datum Dimensioning A method of dimensioning in which all dimensions originate from a
common point (called the baseline or datum)
Chain Dimensioning A method of dimensioning in where each dimension starts from the end of theprevious dimension
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Rules of
Dimensioning A set of standards which must be followed in a technical working drawing for
specifying the dimensions of a design.
Key Dimensioning Rules
1. Dimensions should NOT be duplicated, or the same information given in two different ways.
2. No unnecessary dimensions should be used only those needed to produce or inspect the part.3. Whenever possible, avoid dimensioning to hidden lines and features.
4. Avoid dimensioning over or through the object.
5. Whenever possible, locate dimensions between adjacent views.6. In general, a circle is dimensioned by its diameter and an arc by its radius.
7. Holes are located by their centerlines, which may be extended and used as extension lines.
8. Holes should be located and sized in the view that shows the feature as a circle.
9. Do not cross a dimension line with an extension line, avoid crossing dimensions with leader lines.10. Leader lines should not occur horizontally or vertically.
018-Title Block (Parts List/Balloons) and Exploded Assembly
Balloons - A circled number identifying each part shown in an assembly drawing. Also called a ball
tag or bubble number.
Documentation - 1. The documents that are required for something, or that give evidence or proof ofsomething. 2. Drawings or printed information that contains instructions for assembling, installing,
operating, and servicing.
Exploded Assembly - An assembly drawing in which parts are moved out of position along an axis so
that each individual part is visible.
Parts List - A list of materials or parts specified for a project. Also referred to as a bill of materials orBOM.
Title Block - A table located in the bottom right-hand corner of an engineering drawing that
identifies, in an organized way, all of the necessary information (designer, title, date, scale, company,logo) that is not given on the drawing itself. Also referred to as a title strip.
Local Note (Annotation) - Connected to specific features on the views of the drawing. Also known as
annotations. General Note - Notes placed separate from the views; relate to the entire drawing.
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