Post on 29-Mar-2015
2010 NZ SCHOOLSand DECISION MAKING
Gregory MacRae
SEE6 2011Schools WorkshopTehran, Iran
1) NZ School Seismic Risk
2) Use of a Scenario to as a Decision Tool for Earthquake Risk
3) University of Canterbury Recent Decisions with Earthquake Risk
4) Damage to Schools in the Canterbury Earthquakes
OUTLINE
NZ School Seismic Risk
Acknowledgements to:Brian Mitchell, Ministry of Education
WHY SCHOOLS?
New Zealand has a wide variety of school building.
The, majority of school buildings are one- or two-storey braced timber-frame constructions with low vulnerability to earthquake damage.
NZ SCHOOL BUILDINGS
• The New Zealand Building Act regulates building design and construction.
• The Department of Building and housing administers this act and approves standards for loadings and all types of construction.
• Schools and other buildings must be designed and constructed, and inspected to ensure that they meet these standards.
• Design for ductility started in 1976 so buildings before this date were susceptible
NZ LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Mitchell et al. (2004)
NZ BUILDING VULNERABILITY
Ministry of Education developed requirements to minimize building seismic risk involving review of:(i) buildings of heavy construction (i.e. with concrete floors),
and(ii) all buildings with major assembly areas, and (iii) school buildings with a heavy tile roof If buildings did not meet code levels (with 1.2 factor), they
needed to be strengthened to those levels. In addition, - conventional timber-framed and floored school buildings
with light roofing were reviewed against two-third threshold of the full requirement levels.
- all other pre-1976 blocks containing at least two storeys were evaluated using a Rapid Evaluation (RE)
MINIMIZING SCHOOL RISK
• Implementation – to prevent life loss (1998-2001)(i) Ministry of Education commissioned a structural survey by
registered engineers of all 21,100 individual buildings at 2,361 state schools
(ii) Potential defects that required a more detailed investigation were identified
(iii) The key finding of the survey: • NZ school buildings and site structures were generally in
sound structural condition given the size and diverse nature of the school property portfolio.
• Only four buildings were found to have an unacceptable level of structural risk. Corrective action was undertaken immediately.
MINIMIZING SCHOOL RISK
• Approximately 11% of the buildings were found to have at least one structural defect that required remedial work.
Typical defects (Mitchell 2004):
MINIMIZING SCHOOL RISK
SEATTLE FAULT SCENARIO - A Decision-Making Tool for Seismic
Risk
Acknowledgements to:The Seattle Fault Scenario Project Team
Fault
Surface
RockSite
R
2a Ground Motions
Magnitude M 1 Faulting
2b
3 Response
4 Loss ($$$)• Damage• Death • Downtime
BACKGROUND
Fault
Surface
RockSite
R
2a Ground Motions- Seismologists
Magnitude M 1 Rupture - Geologists
2b
3 Controlling Response
- EngineersHow are these decisions made?
4. Loss Related Decisions - People - Government - Business - Planners (Planning, Preparation, Response, Recovery)
BACKGROUND
DECISION-MAKING PROCESSTo Perform Mitigation for a Future Disaster,
the Decision-Maker must: (Based on Petak)
1) Be Aware of the Problem - E.g. Earthquake
2) Be Aware of Possible Solutions - E.g. Design/Retrofit
3) Be Prepared to Allocate Resources to address This Need,
Rather than Competing Needs
Based on - empirical evidence- studies (science/engineering)
Based on - empirical evidence- studies (engineering/science)
Based on - evidence from technical experts- support from stakeholders- ability to raise necessary funds
Lobbyists/Media are involved. It requires Policy
BACKGROUND
Fault
Surface
RockSite
R
2a Ground Motions- Seismologists
Magnitude M 1 Rupture - Geologists
2b
3 Controlling Response
- Engineers
4. Loss Related Decisions - People
- Government - Business - Planners
(Planning, Preparation, Response, Recovery)
ENGINEERINGPOLICY
SCIENCE
BACKGROUND
The Disconnect:
Engineers/Scientists Decision Makers
Need to coordinate/communicate to:
(a) Decide what should be done
+
(b) Ensure it is done
BACKGROUND
Armenia, 1988 (EERI) Northridge, 1994 (EERI)
BACKGROUND
Turkey, 1999 EQEKobe, 1995
EERI, EQE
BACKGROUND
Taiwan, 1999, (DRPI) Bhuj, 2001, (R. Goel)
BACKGROUND
Good building codes
Good structures=
Base Isolated
Demonstration Building
Pelabuhan Ratu
EERI, Taniwangsa
BACKGROUND
The Hierarchy of Denial(Cowan 2011)
1. It won’t happen
2. Or If it does happen it won’t affect me
3. Or, If it happens to me it won’t be too bad
4. Or If it’s bad, there is nothing I can do SO .....
Why are you worrying me with this?”
BACKGROUND
Why is there a problem?
- Different Priorities
- Different Languages
- Different Questions
BACKGROUND
Different Languages
E.g. Neotectonic Magnitude
Liquefaction potential Ductility
Business Interruption Reinsurance Loss of market share
BACKGROUND
Scientists (e.g. Geologists/Seismologists) ask :- What? and Why?
Engineers (e.g. Geotechnical and Structural) ask :- Why? and How?
Planners ask : - How can we get a good consensus?
Businesses ask : - Do I need to do anything? - Where are the facts in a form that I can understand
so that I can make a decision as to what I can do?
Different Questions/Culture
BACKGROUND
Fault
Surface
RockSite
R
2a Ground Motions- Seismologists
Magnitude M 1 Rupture - Geologists
2b
3 Controlling Response
- Engineers
4. Loss Related Decisions - People
- Government - Business - Planners
(Planning, Preparation, Response, Recovery)
ENGINEERINGPOLICY
SCIENCE
BACKGROUND
A scenario is a story ……
Types: analytic physical manipulations
Scenario studies are vivid and • highlight strengths/weaknesses pertinent to future events • help decision makers think through ramifications of events • may provide fuel for stakeholders wanting change
Why A Scenario?
BACKGROUND
EERI wanted a methodology for Scenario development
Previous studies existed …e.g. Hayward Fault Scenario (EERI, 1996)
…. but there have been changes since 1996• Increased knowledge about Seattle faults • Better tools for estimating losses (e.g. HAZUS)
The 2001 Nisqually earthquake affecting Seattle had just occurred
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
THE SEATTLE FAULT SCENARIO
The result is a publication
THE SEATTLE FAULT SCENARIO
LOSSES:
Deaths Deaths – > 1,600 Injuries – > 24,000Damage Buildings destroyed – About 9,700. Buildings unsafe to occupy - About 29,000. Buildings with restricted use – About 150,000. Fires – ≈ 130, causing $500m loss Property and economic loss – About $33 billion Downtime Business Interruption - Months Full repair - Years
Project coordination team - 12 volunteers
Areas of expertise
- Earthquake risk, emergency preparedness, lifelines, geotechnical engineering, management and decision making, planning, seismology, and structural engineering.
Employment:
- Consulting engineers, consulting planners, or as public servants with the University of Washington, National Science Foundation, Fire Department, City of Seattle Emergency Management, Washington Military Department Emergency Management or the United States Geological Survey (USGS)
PROJECT TEAM
THE SEATTLE FAULT SCENARIO
REPORT LAYOUT:
THE SEATTLE FAULT SCENARIO
REGIONAL FAULTS
THE SEATTLE FAULT SCENARIO
Expected Demands
THE SEATTLE FAULT SCENARIO
Scenario Shaking
Intensities
THE SEATTLE FAULT SCENARIO
MAJOR ORGANIZATIONS:WSDOT Bridge Group
WSDOT Ferries GroupA Port AuthorityMajor Companies
GENERAL INFORMATION:AUTHORSHAZUS - CENSUS
- EXPERT OPINION
QUALITY CONTROL:REVIEWERS
THE SEATTLE FAULT SCENARIO
ResidentialHousing Damage(HAZUS)
THE SEATTLE FAULT SCENARIO
CALL TO ACTIONPriority Recommendations :
• Establish an Independent State Seismic Safety Board or Commission
• Implement Risk Reduction Plan for Critical Public Facilities • Retrofit of High Risk Buildings • Protect the Transportation Infrastructure
General Recommendations: i) Accelerate Earthquake Hazard Assessments, Geological Mapping and
the Use of these Studies, ii) Develop Incentives for Increased Seismic Safety, iii) Expand Public Education Programs with Emphasis on Self-Sufficiency; iv) Enhance the Pacific Northwest Seismographic Network; v) Establish an Earthquake Information Clearinghouse.
THE SEATTLE FAULT SCENARIO
METHODS OF COMMUNICATIONTechnical Information - No technical jargon
Executive Summary Detailed Information
Glossy colour photos including damage- Regional damage after past earthquakes- Photos relevant to region or to similar situations
General Interest Information in text boxes
Non-Technical InformationPrologue
Introduces a school teacher, a businessman, a tourist, mother, etc. Chapter Introductions
Describes what happens to these people as the day progressesIt was apparent to Lisa and Marjorie Bona that they were not going to get home to Bainbridge Island; at this point, all they wanted was to escape from the horrors of the Alaskan Way Viaduct, portions of which lay amid twisted cars and bodies …… All transportation had stopped and they did not know what to do.
THE SEATTLE FAULT SCENARIO
MEASURES OF SUCCESSThe impact of the scenario is quantified by
- awareness raised regarding earthquake risk
- activities initiated to better consider or manage earthquake risk which can be attributed in some part to the scenario effort.
There were several presentations to interested groups (of up to 100 people including city organisations such as planners, engineers, fire, police, emergency responders, insurance underwriters) both during the development of
the scenario, as well as after the scenario. At the rollout meeting in February 2004, 450 people from different professions attended. The local mayor spoke and the state governor’s office was represented.
THE SEATTLE FAULT SCENARIO
MEASURES OF SUCCESS• More than a dozen television and radio interviews and newspaper stories including a big multi-page feature story starting on the front page of the Sunday Seattle Times
• Presentations to interested groups
• Distribution of 4,100 reports. Downloadable copy at: http://seattlescenario.eeri.org.
• Significant presentations were made to the Washington State Senate Transportation Committee and to the Puget Sound Region Freight Mobility Roundtable in Autumn 2004.
• Funding for renovation of the University of Washington Seismic Laboratory.
• The State Seismic Safety Committee was reconstituted.
• Washington State EMD used the scenario for its March 2006 response exercise.
• The City of Seattle proposal to analyze the cost effectiveness of retrofit investments
THE SEATTLE FAULT SCENARIO
Seattle Times Editorial - Wednesday, March 1, 2006 - 12:00 AM
Puget Sound's Katrina The fundamental lesson of the Gulf states' hurricane miseries is that the worst can
happen. Puget Sound will be pummeled by storms and floods, but catastrophic earthquakes are the real natural menace here.
These issues get to Puget Sound's economic survival and recovery. The failure of layers of government to talk and function after the hurricanes haunts the Gulf states.
The Seattle Fault runs from Hood Canal in the west, through Puget Sound and south Seattle, and east through Bellevue and Issaquah roughly parallel to Interstate 90. Last year, a panel of experts looked at the region's earthquake hazards and picked this one to jolt the Bellevue gathering with an extreme disaster. Scenario losses include: 1,600 deaths; 24,000 injuries; 9,700 buildings destroyed; 29,000 buildings too damaged to occupy; 154,000 moderately damaged buildings with restricted use; and 130 fires. Estimated property damage and economic loss: about $33 billion.
For the next two days, the thinking gets ramped up several grim notches to contemplate physical destruction and institutional failures that would have been unimaginable before Hurricane Katrina.
MEASURES OF SUCCESS
THE SEATTLE FAULT SCENARIO
Planners were initially noticeably uninterested in the scenario until Hurricane Katrina.
“They (the authorities) knew there was a problem, they knew that it was only a matter of time, and they did nothing!”
Planners started to evaluate their own vulnerability and risks to natural hazard.
American Planners Association is using this “window of awareness” to provide seminars on planning. The local APA branch is referencing the scenario document. Many communities, including smaller ones without large planning staff, are participating.
MEASURES OF SUCCESS
THE SEATTLE FAULT SCENARIO
SCENARIO CONCLUSIONS
● Communication between all stakeholders is important
● A scenario may be a useful tool leading to the implementation of earthquake disaster mitigation methods
UC RECENT DECISIONS WITH SEISMIC RISK
Canterbury Earthquakes1. Saturday 4 September 2010, 4:40am
M7.1 40km West of Christchurch to 20km West of ChristchurchPGA in CBD: About 0.23gCasualties: 0
2. Tuesday 22 February 2011, 12:50pmM6.3 8km South of ChristchurchPGA in CBD: About 0.50gCasualties: 183
+ many significant aftershocks
BACKGROUND
47BACKGROUND
48
Christchurch Botanical Gardens Records(From Brendon Bradley, U. Canterbury, New Zealand)
N-S
W-E
V
BACKGROUND
Canterbury Earthquakes
4 September 2010 22 February 2011
BACKGROUND
Period, T (s)
Sp
ectr
al A
ccel
erat
ion
(g)
CENTRAL CITY AND NZS1170 SPECTRACLASS D DEEP OR SOFT SOILLarger Horizontal Components
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Period T(s)
SA
(T) (
g)
NZS1170 2500-yr Class D
NZS1170 500-yr Class D Deep orSoft Soil
CHHC_MaxH_FEB
CCCC_MaxH_FEB
CBGS_MaxH_FEB
REHS_MaxH_FEB
GM_Larger_FEB
CENTRAL CITY AND NZS1170 SPECTRACLASS D DEEP OR SOFT SOILLarger Horizontal Components
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Period T(s)
SA(T)
(g)
NZS1170 2500-yr Class D
NZS1170 500-yr Class D Deep orSoft Soil
CHHC_MaxH_FEB
CCCC_MaxH_FEB
CBGS_MaxH_FEB
REHS_MaxH_FEB
GM_Larger_FEB
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 1 2 3 4 5
SA(T
) (g)
Period T(s)
NZS1170 Class D Deep or Soft Soil
Botanic Gardens CBGS
Cathedral College CCCC
Hospital CHHC
Resthaven REHS
Median Larger Central City
Period (s)
Sa (g)
Period, T (s)
Sp
ectr
al A
ccel
erat
ion
(g)
50
1. Rapid Damage Assessment
2A. Structural System Evaluation for Damage
2B. Structural System Risk Evaluation
3. Life Safety Systems Evaluation
4. Remediation (i.e. Hazard Removal)
5. Building WOF
Led by Facilities Management
+ Jeff Clendon (Holmes Consulting)
Many engineers participating from BECA, GHD, Holmes, UoC ….
- As described by Jeff Clendon
FIVE STEP PROCESS
51
Step 1. Rapid Damage Assessment (Week 1)External and internal walk-through inspection for obvious damage that could limit access
Tagging Red, Orange, Green
FIVE STEP PROCESS
52FIVE STEP PROCESS
53FIVE STEP PROCESS
54FIVE STEP PROCESS
55
Step 1. Rapid Damage Assessment (Week 1)
FIVE STEP PROCESS
56
Step 1. Rapid Damage Assessment (Week 1)
FIVE STEP PROCESS
57
Step 2A. Structural System Evaluation for Damage (Weeks 2-3)
Detailed evaluation of structural damage in all buildings
- Locations of potential damage identified from plans
- Involved - inspection of ceiling spaces
- removal of wall linings
- lifting of carpets, etc.
Revised tagging Red, Orange, Green
FIVE STEP PROCESS
58
Step 2B. Structural System Risk Evaluation (Weeks 2-6)
Life safety check of all UC buildings under a bigger earthquake (CTV Building Issue)
- All buildings rated in terms of risk:
H – High risk
M – Medium Risk
L – Low Risk
This involves inspecting all buildings and going through plans plus some simple analysis. Brittle failure modes of special concern.
Some relatively undamaged buildings which failed this check are: - Siemon building (which poses a threat to other buildings)
- Jack Mann auditorium (Dovedale campus)
- UCSA Building
FIVE STEP PROCESS
59FIVE STEP PROCESS FIVE STEP PROCESS Step 2B. Structural System Risk Evaluation (Weeks 2-6)
CTV Building IssueNot damaged in 9/2010 M7.1 earthquake
People were permitted to go back to work
Collapse occurred in 2/2011 M6.3 earthquake (117 deaths/183) ((117earthquakeinhttp://www.bing.com/images/search?q=ctv+building&view=detail&id=D08AF3EC98D82EA260818F63535616D30F5BA5A2&first=31&FORM=IDFRIR
http://project7.co.nz/wp-content/themes/LifeStream/timthumb.php?src=http://
project7.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/CIMG1586_ctv.jpg&w=580&zc=1
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=ctv+building&view=detail&id=D08AF3EC98D82EA260818F63535616D30F5BA5A2&first=31&FORM=IDFRIR
60
Step 2B. Structural System Risk Evaluation (Weeks 2-6)
Some drawings
FIVE STEP PROCESS
61
Step 2B. Structural System Risk Evaluation (Weeks 2-6)
Some drawings
FIVE STEP PROCESS
62
Step 3. Life Safety System Evaluations
Electrical
HVAC
Sprinklers
Firewalls
Water/Toilets
Data Systems, etc.
FIVE STEP PROCESS
63
Step 4. Remediation (i.e. Hazard Removal)
Major risk issues identified in Steps 1 – 3 including:
- Ceiling tiles (All heavy tiles throughout the university are being replaced with much lighter tiles)
- Major seismic joint effects on passage
e.g. top of stairs, between different buildings
- Structural issues
Note: Some minor issues such as gypsum board cracking, left for later work
FIVE STEP PROCESS
64
Step 5. Building Warrant-of-Fitness (WOF)
Tasks in Steps 1-4 are reviewed and actions approved
This is conducted by an independent consultant (SGS) who:
- Reviews Step 2 and 3 reports
- Reviews remediation carried out
FIVE STEP PROCESS
65
Additional issues:
Inspections made of alternative teaching premises
E.g. Avonhead Baptist Church
Mandeville
Houses
Etc., Etc.
FIVE STEP PROCESS
66
Result of 5 step process:
An overall reduction in risk for staff and students with:
- remediation work, and
- high risk buildings (Step 2B) not occupied
FIVE STEP PROCESS
67
James Height Building:
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UC_CentralLibrary01_gobeirne.jpg)
Some damage where the building is tied together at levels 2 and 4.
SOME UC STRUCTURES
68
Mushroom:
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UC_CentralLibrary01_gobeirne.jpg)
Some rotation and movement affecting linkage structures,
Step 2B issues
SOME UC STRUCTURES
69
Registry Building:
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UC_CentralLibrary01_gobeirne.jpg)
Some beam-column joint damage, basement damage + 2B issues.
SOME UC STRUCTURES
70
Commerce Building:
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UC_CentralLibrary01_gobeirne.jpg)
Atrium Damage
East Stairwell damage
2B issues
SOME UC STRUCTURES
71
Boiler chimney:
Behaved well
Some slight cracking
Some existing cracks enlarged
Cracks are being grouted
Environmental concrete damage is being repaired
SOME UC STRUCTURES
72
Boilerhouse: Red tagged
Roof issues
SOME UC STRUCTURES
73
Law Building: Step 1 – OK Green
Step 2A/2B – OK Green
Step 3 – Cracking of floor found under carpet Orange
http://blogs.iesabroad.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/_dsc5589.jpg
SOME UC STRUCTURES
74
Tent teaching:
SOME UC STRUCTURES
UC Update – 11 May 2011“More than 200 of 240 campus structures have now been approved for general access. By the end of May relatively few buildings will remain closed to general access. Those still subject to investigation and ‘make safe’ remediation in June are likely to include: Law (early June access); Erskine faculty offices; Engineering College Office, E1 & E4; Student Services Centre; Warehouse; Science Lecture Theatre (7 lecture theatres); Registry; UCSA; parts of the Recreation Centre (Sports Science and Offices); Te Pourewa; Wheki; Commerce; Siemon; EPS Library; Engineering Mushroom; Hydrology Tower; Ilam Homestead. The Business Recovery Group continues to focus on opening teaching, study, and laboratory spaces and social spaces for students.
“Work related to remediation is underway in 17 buildings on site. More than 200 Hawkins staff and sub-contractors are on site and there are four full-time project managers assigned to earthquake remediation project management. We have eight engineers on site dedicated to assessment, remediation design and oversight, with others off-site undertaking modelling and support.
“Any discussion of “relocating the University” has to take account of the fact that no buildings fell down and at this stage none have been condemned. In addition, 72 per cent of our students live within 2.5 km of the University and Halls of Residence provide accommodation for more than 1,000 students. The 87 ha campus is fit for purpose and this week more than 2,000 programmes and courses were being delivered by the University of Canterbury. The University is well on the way to being back in business with the James Hight Library due for re-opening by end of this month and all but a few special purpose laboratories are already accessible for general use.” UC Press Release
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
Joe’s
Beer!Food!
Joe’s
Beer!Food!
Joe’s
Beer!Food!
Ref: Ron Hamburger, FEMA273
Target Perform
ance(?)
F0 IO LS NC
FE
DBE
MCE
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
LOW DAMAGE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
a)Elastically Responding
b) Base isolated
c) Supplementally damped
d) Post-tensioned beam
e) Rocking
f) Friction
g) Other devices
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
78
Concrete post-tensioned beam systems
E.g. VUW Campus, Wellington, March 2010 - Dunning-Thornton (Cattenach), Concrete Structure
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
79
b)
Non-linear lead extrusion damper
A. LEAD DISSIPATOR: with Mander, Chase, Dhakal and Mander
• Steel low damage systems• Steel low damage systems
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
80
B. SLIDING HINGE JOINT CONCEPTB. SLIDING HINGE JOINT CONCEPT
• Steel low damage systems• Steel low damage systems
MacRae et al. 2010
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
81
DETAILS:DETAILS: Top Bolts
Top Web Bolts (Shear)
Bottom Flange Bolts (Sliding)
Bottom Web Bolts (Sliding)
Detail A
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
82
Deformations:Deformations:
1
Column Force
Displacement
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
83
Deformations:Deformations:
Column Force
Displacement
2
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
84
Deformations:Deformations:
3
Column Force
Displacement
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
85
Deformations:Deformations:
4
Column Force
Displacement
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
86
Deformations:Deformations:
5
Column Force
Displacement
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
87
Deformations:Deformations:
6
Column Force
Displacement
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
88
DETAILS:DETAILS:
360UB44.7
310UC158 1.5m
2.0m
Mackinven and MacRae, 2006
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
89
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
-4 -2 0 2 4
Drift Ratio (%)
Co
ulm
n S
he
ar
Fo
rce
(k
N) Test #5 - 4.2.2.2S
Steel Shims
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
90
SHJ BEHAVIOUR MINIMAL DAMAGE (to connection and
frame)
LOW COST (and not patented)
RECENTERING CHARACTERISTICS
ISSUES CONSTRUCTION TOLERANCES DURABILITY
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
Courtesy: Darrin Bell of Connell-Wagner, 2007
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
Courtesy: Geoff Sidwell, Aurecon
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
http://www.nzwood.co.nz/case-studies/nmit-arts-and-media-building/
• Timber LVL system• Timber LVL system
LOW DAMAGE SYSTEMSLOW DAMAGE SYSTEMS
DAMAGE TO SCHOOLS IN THE RECENT CANTERBURY
EARTHQUAKES
Hallswell Primary
After September 2010 earthquake:
St Margaret’s College
After February 2011 earthquake:
Christ's College
From Dreamstime.com
Avonside Girl’s High School
After February 2011 earthquake:
Avonside Girl’s High School
After February 2011 earthquake:
Avonside Girl’s High School
After February 2011 earthquake:
Avonside Girl’s High School
After February 2011 earthquake:
Linwood North School
Aranui High School
Aranui High School
Aranui Primary School
South New Brighton School
Mount Pleasant School
Redcliffs School
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:54_Raekura_Place,_Redcliffs.JPG
Christchurch Schools
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:54_Raekura_Place,_Redcliffs.JPG
Over 15,000 students were effected by the earthquake ….. (Daily telegraph)
Questions?