Post on 07-Apr-2018
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Cardiovascular System
Dr. Mohanad R. Alwan
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Components
Heart pumps blood
Vessels Arteries carryblood away from the heartand veins carry blood backto the heart
Blood fluid that carriesnutrients essential to cellfunction
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Heart Anatomy
Approximately the size of your fist
Location
Superior surface of diaphragm
Left of the midline
Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior tothe sternum
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Size, Shape and Position
Oblique Position
Located in mediastinum,between lungs
Apex = Left of Midline (5thICS), inferior end, tapers to
point
Base (posterior surface) sitson vertebral column, broadsuperior portion of heart
3.5 in. wide at base, weighs10 oz
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Location of Heart in Chest
Superior Right = 3rd CostalCartilage,1right midsternum
Superior Left = 2nd Costal Cartilage,
1 left midsternum
Inferior Right = 6th CostalCartilage,1right midsternum
Inferior Left = 5th Intercostal Space
at Midclavicular line
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Heart Anatomy
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Heart
Hollow, muscular organ
300 grams (size of a fist)
4 chambers
found in chest between lungs
surrounded by membrane called Pericardium
Pericardial space is fluid-filled to nourish (nutrient) andprotect the heart.
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I. Anatomy of the Heart
A. Coverings
Pericardium
fibrous pericardium
parietal pericardium visceral pericardium
B. Heart wall layers
1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium
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Coverings of the Heart: Anatomy
Pericardium a double-walled sac around theheart composed of:
A superficial fibrous pericardium
A deep two-layer serous pericardium
The parietal layer lines the internal surface of thefibrous pericardium
The visceral layer or epicardium lines the surfaceof the heart
They are separated by the fluid-filled pericardialcavity
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Coverings of the Heart
The pericardium:
Protects and anchors the heart
Prevents overfilling of the heart with blood
Allows for the heart to work in a relativelyfriction-free environment
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Pericardial Layers of the Heart
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Heart Wall
Epicardiumvisceral layer of the serous pericardium-
protects heart
Myocardium(middle layer) Cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart
Fibrous skeleton of the heart crisscrossing, interlacinglayer of connective tissue.
Contracts movment
EndocardiumEndothelium connective tissue (CT)
Lines the heart Creates the valves
endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface
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Functions of the Heart
Generates blood pressure
Routes blood
Heart separates pulmonary and systemiccirculation
Ensures one-way blood flow Heart valves ensure one-way flow
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Functions of the Heart
Regulates blood supply Changes in contraction rate and force match
blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
Most healthy people can increase cardiacoutput by 300500%
Heart failure is the inability of the heart toprovide enough blood flow to maintain normalmetabolism
H A
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Heart Anatomy
Heart Supplies
oxygenated blood to allcells in the body!!
The heart pumps about
100,000 times and moves7200 liters (1900 gallons)of blood every day.
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Heart Anatomy
The heart has four chambers. Two atriums act as
collecting reservoirs.
Two ventricles act as pumps.
The heart has four valves for:
Pumping action of the
heart. Maintaining unidirectional
blood flow.
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Chambers, Vessels, and Valves
1. Four chambers upper chambersright and left atria
Collects blood
lower chambersright and left ventricle
pumps blood from heart
2. Arteries
Carry blood away from heart
3. Veins
Blood toward heart
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Atria of the Heart
Atria are the receiving chambers of the heart
Each atrium has a protruding auricle (smallconical pouch that projects from each atrium of
the heart )Pectinate muscles mark atrial walls
Blood enters right atria from superior and inferior
venae cavae and coronary sinusBlood enters left atria from pulmonary veins
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Figure 18.4b
(b)
Brachiocephalictrunk
Superiorvena cava
Rightpulmonary artery
Ascendingaorta
Pulmonary trunk
Right
pulmonary veinsRight atrium
Right coronaryartery (in coronarysulcus)Anteriorcardiac veinRight ventricle
Marginal artery
Small cardiac vein
Inferiorvena cava
Left commoncarotid arteryLeftsubclavian arteryAortic arch
Ligamentumarteriosum
Left pulmonary artery
Left atrium
AuricleCircumflexarteryLeft coronaryartery (in coronarysulcus)
Anteriorinterventricular artery(in anteriorinterventricular sulcus)
Great cardiac vein
Apex
Left pulmonary veins
Left ventricle
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Ventricles of the Heart
Ventricles are the discharging chambers of theheart
Papillary muscles and trabeculae carneae muscles
mark ventricular walls Right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary
trunk
Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta
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Heart Chambers
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Heart Chambers and Valves
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Right Heart Chambers
Right Atrium (forms most of posterior of heart)
Receives O2-poor blood from body via vena cava (IVC,SVC, ) ->
The sinoatrial node sends an impulse that causesthe cardiac muscle tissue of the atrium to contract ina coordinated, wave-like manner.
The tricuspid valve, which separates the rightatrium from the right ventricle, opens to allow thede-oxygenated blood collected in the right atrium toflow into the right ventricle.
Structure ofRight Atrium
Ventral wall = rough Pectinate muscle
Fossa Ovalis- on interatrial septum, remnant of
Foramen Ovale
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Right Ventricle
The right ventricle receives de-oxygenated blood from the
right atrium (contracts). The pulmonary valve leading into the pulmonary artery isclosed, allowing the ventricle to fill with blood.
Once the ventricles are full, they contract. As the rightventricle contracts, the tricuspid valve closes and the
pulmonary valve opens.
The closure of the tricuspid valve prevents blood frombacking into the right atrium and the opening of the
pulmonary valve allows the blood to flow into the pulmonaryartery toward the lungs.
Pumps blood to lungs via Pulmonary Semilunar Valve inpulmonary trunk
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Right Heart Chamber
Structure of Right Ventricle
Trabeculae Carnae alongventral surface
Papillary Muscle-cone-shaped muscle to whichchordae tendinae areanchored
Moderator Band-muscularband connecting anteriorpapillary muscle tointerventricular septum
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Left Heart Chambers: Systemic Circuit
Left Atrium
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from thelungs through the pulmonary vein.
As the contraction triggered by the sinoatrial nodeprogresses through the atria, the blood passesthrough the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
Pectinate Muscles line only auricle
L f V i l
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Left Ventricle
Left Ventricle (forms apex of heart)
The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood as the leftatrium contracts via bicuspid valve.
The blood passes through the mitral valve into the leftventricle.
Once the ventricles are full, they contract, the mitral valvecloses and the aortic valve opens than Pumps blood intoaorta via Aortic Semilunar Valve to body.
The closure of the mitral valve prevents blood from backinginto the left atrium and the opening of the aortic valve allowsthe blood to flow into the aorta and flow throughout the body.
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Left Ventricle
Same structures as RtVentricle:
Trabeculae carnae,
Papillary muscles,
Chordae tendinae
No Moderator Band
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Gross Anatomy of Heart: Frontal Section
Figure 18.4e
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The Heart Valve
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The Cardiovascular System (The Heart valve)
The Heart valve:
Bicuspid (mitral) valve.
Tricuspid valve.
Pulmonary valve.
Aortic valve.
Heart valves ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart
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Valves of the Heart
R Atrioventricular
Tricuspid
Heart sounds
Pulmonary Semilunar
Heart sounds
L Atrioventricular
Mitral
Heart sounds
Aortic Semilunar
Heart sounds
H t V l L b* D b**
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Heart Valves: Lub*-Dub**
*Tricuspid Valve: RightAV valve
3 Cusps (flaps) made ofendocardium and CT
Cusps anchored in Rt.Ventricle by ChordaeTendinae
Chordae Tendinae preventinversion of cusps intoatrium
Flow of blood pushes cusps
open When ventricle in diastole
(relaxed), cusps hang limpin ventricle
Ventricular contraction
increases pressure andforces cusps closed
This is the tricuspid valve. The leaflets,thin and delicate. Just like the mitralvalve, the leaflets have thin chordaetendineae that attach the leafletmargins to the papillary muscles ofthe ventricular wall below.
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Heart Valves: Lub*-Dub**
*Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve: Left AV valve
2 cusps anchored in Lft. Ventricle by chordae tendinae Functions same as Rt. AV valve
**Semilunar valves: prevents backflow in largearteries Pulmonary Semilunar Valve: Rt Ventricle and
Pulmonary Trunk
Aortic Semilunar Valve: Left Ventricle and Aorta
3 cusps: blood rushes past theyre flattened, as it settles
theyre pushed down (valve closed)
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a normal tricuspid aortic valve
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Operation of Atrioventricular Valves
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Operation of Semilunar Valves
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E t l H t M j V l f th H t
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Vessels returning blood to the heart include:
Superior and inferior venae cavae
Right and left pulmonary veins
Vessels conveying blood away from the heartinclude:
Pulmonary trunk, which splits into right and leftpulmonary arteries
Ascending aorta (three branches)brachiocephalic, leftcommon carotid, and subclavian arteries
External Heart: Major Vessels of the Heart(Anterior View)
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Vessels returning blood to the heart include:
Right and left pulmonary veins
Superior and inferior venae cavae.
Vessels conveying blood away from the heartinclude:
Aorta Right and left pulmonary arteries
External Heart: Major Vessels of the Heart(Posterior View)
L ft
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Figure 18.4b
(b)
Brachiocephalictrunk
Superiorvena cava
Rightpulmonary artery
Ascendingaorta
Pulmonary trunk
Right
pulmonary veinsRight atrium
Right coronaryartery (in coronarysulcus)Anteriorcardiac vein
Right ventricleMarginal artery
Small cardiac vein
Inferiorvena cava
Left commoncarotid arteryLeftsubclavian arteryAortic arch
Ligamentumarteriosum
Left pulmonary artery
Left atrium
AuricleCircumflexarteryLeft coronaryartery (in coronarysulcus)
Anteriorinterventricular artery(in anteriorinterventricular sulcus)
Great cardiac vein
Apex
Left pulmonary veins
Left ventricle
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