Post on 21-Jan-2016
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Aquatic ecosystems are classified as◦ Freshwater (inland), or◦ Saltwater
Wetlands are areas that are web for at least part of the year◦ Marshes◦ Swamps◦ Bogs
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Stonefly larva, Plecoptera sp.
Rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri
stream
river lake
salt marsh
delta
Blue crab, Callinectes sapidus
Carp, Cyprinus carpio
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(Stonefly): © Kim Taylor/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; (Trout): © William H. Mullins/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Carp): © Robert Maier/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (Crab): © Gerlach Nature Photography/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes
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Lakes◦ Bodies of water classified by nutrient status
Oligotrophic - Nutrient-poor Eutrophic - Nutrient-rich
◦ Lake Stratification In temperate zones, deep lakes are stratified in the
summer and winter and have distinct vertical zones
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a. Oligotrophic lake
b. Eutrophic lakea: © Roger Evans/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Michael Gadomski/Animals
Animals/Earth Scenes
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Summer Stratification
Fall OverturnSpring Overturn
wind
wind
wind
epilimnion 24°–25°C
thermocline 13°–18 °
wind
ice
2°–3°C
hypolimnion5°–8°
most of lake4°C
Winter Stratification
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Plankton◦ Important community in fresh water and salt
water ecosystems Phytoplankton - Photosynthetic algae Zooplankton - Animals
Life Zones◦ Littoral zone - Closest to shore◦ Limnetic zone - Sunlit areas◦ Profundal zone - Below light penetration◦ Benthic zone - Soil-Water interface
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surface organisms
fishes
insect larvae
phytoplankton
zooplankton
Northern pike, Esox lucius
LittoralZone
clingingorganisms
ProfundalZone
LimneticZone
(Pike): © Robert Maier/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (Water strider): © G.I. Bernard/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes
BenthicZone
bottom-dwellingorganisms
Water strider , Gerris sp.
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Estuaries◦ Partially enclosed bodies of water where fresh
water and seawater meet and mix◦ Organisms must be able to adapt to changing
salinity◦ Nearly two thirds of all marine fishes and shellfish
require development in estuaries
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a. Mudflat
b. Mangrove swamp
c. Rocky shore
a: © John Eastcott/Yva Momatiuk/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Theo Allofs/Visuals Unlimited; c: © Brandon Cole/Visuals Unlimited.
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Littoral zone lies between high and low water marks◦ Rocky Shores
Many attached organisms Littoral zone of rocky beach divided into subzones
◦ Sandy beach No attachment sites available Nearly all permanent residents dwell underground
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Euphotic Zone◦ Contain a greater concentration of organisms
than the rest of the sea Coral Reefs
◦ Located just below the surface in shallow, warm, tropical waters
◦ Densely populated with life
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abyssal plain
low tide
intertidal zone
euphotic zone
high tide
continentalshelf
continentalslope
deep-seawaters
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Pelagic Zone◦ Epipelagic Zone
Lacks inorganic nutrients Does not have high concentration of phytoplankton
◦ Mesopelagic Zone High concentration of organisms due to sunlight
penetration and supply of inorganic nutrients Coral Reefs
◦ Bathypelagic Zone Complete darkness except for bioluminescent light Carnivores and scavengers
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dolphin
sea turtle barracuda
ocean bonito
mackerel
tuna
prawn
lanternfish
giantsquid midshipman
spermwhale
shark
viperfish
hagfish
anglerfish
deep-seashrimp
gulper
baleenwhale
EpipelagicZone
MesopelagicZone
BathypelagicZone
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Abyssmal Plain◦ High pressure and extreme cold◦ Organisms are dependent on debris sinking down
from above◦ Interrupted by oceanic ridges◦ Hydrothermal vents
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Major ocean currents move heat from the equator to cooler parts of the biosphere◦ Gulf Stream warms the east coast of North
America and parts of western Europe◦ Another current in the Southern Hemisphere
warms the eastern coast of South America◦ The Humboldt Current in the Southern
Hemisphere carries cold water northward along the western coast of South America El Nino Southern Oscillation--Cold upwelling off west
coast of South America subsides
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Asia
Australia
Africa
Europe
Gulf Stre
am
equatorequatorial countercurrent
Japan Current
warm currents
cold currents
west wind drift
west wind drift
east wind drift
Antarctica
NorthAmerica
SouthAmerica
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Climate and the Biosphere◦ Solar Radiation◦ Global Wind
Circulation Terrestrial
Ecosystems◦ Tundra◦ Forests◦ Shrublands◦ Grasslands◦ Deserts
Aquatic Ecosystems Lakes Life Zones Estuaries Seashores Oceans
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Openers (Earth): Courtesy NASA; (Lake): © Stephen J. Krasemann/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Birch): © Dwight Kuhn; (Sunflowers): © Jim Brandenburg/Minden Pictures; (Acacia tree): © Konrad Wothe/Minden Pictures; (Rain forest): © age fotostock/SuperStock; (Lynx): © Imagebroker/Alamy; (Salamander): © David M. Dennis/Animals Animals/Earth
Scenes; (Buffalo): © Eastcott Momatiuk/Getty Images; (Lion): © age fotostock/SuperStock; (Toucan): © age fotostock/SuperStock
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.