1. Why would someone be called a “wire mother?”2. Most children complete the sensorimotor stage by

age __.3. Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral

development followed Piaget’s principles (T or F).

4. A simple way to increase lifespan among nursing home residents is to ______________.

5. ___________ coined the term “adolescence.”6. Mary Calkins got a personal tutorial in Principles of

Psychology with ____________ .

Harry Harlow (1905-1981)

• U. Wisconsin, Madison– His rat lab wasn’t ready

so he went to the zoo

• Few doubted that early experience influenced adult behavior

Prevailing ViewHey, mom! If you don’t breast feed him, he’ll resent you for life. He will grow to love you because you

were once his primary source of FOOD.

The Nature of Love (1958)• Implications

– Adoption

– The Father’s Role

– Child Abuse

– Adult behavior

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)Father of developmental cognitive

psychology– Trained as a Biologist

– Spoke English and Hired by Alfred Binet Lab in Paris to translate intelligence tests

– Young children got many questions wrong – no surprise, but those in certain age groups made similar mistakes!

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)• We don’t simply accumulate knowledge as we

age, we actually think differently at different ages

• Object Permanence: – “The construction of reality in the child.”

– Piaget considered the acquisition of object permanence to represent the birth of true thought.

– Relate to Tolman study.

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)• Review: Stages of Cognitive

Development– Sensorimotor

– Preoperational

– Concrete Operations

– Formal Operations

The Construction of Reality in the Child (1954)

• Subcategories of Sensorimotor Stage– Stage 1 (0-1mo): Simple Reflexes

– Stage 2 (1-4 mo): Passive expectation

– Stage 3 (4-10 mo): Reconstruction of totality

– Stage 4 (10-12 mo): Objects exist when out of sight, but they don’t understand Visible Displacements

– Stage 5 (12-18 mo): Visible Displacements mastered, but not Invisible Displacements.

– Stage 6 (18-24 mo): Invisible Displacements

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)• Criticisms

– Are the stages discrete?

– Is the “coverlet method” valid?

– Physiological evidence about “what” and “where” pathways

Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)• Harvard Center for Moral Ed.

Followed Piaget’s concept of cognitive progression– Morality evolves with acquired

intellectual skills

– Moral stages are acquired in sequence

Lawrence Kohlberg (1963)• Method

– Present people with moral dilemmas and ask them to propose a solution

– The decision is not important, but the reasoning behind the decision is!

Stages of Moral Development• Preconventional (4-10)

– punishment-obedience orientation (avoid pain)– personal reward orientation (please yourself)

• Conventional (10-13)– good boy-nice girl orientation (please others)– law and order orientation (follow the rules)

• Postconventional (14?– social contract orientation (rules are bent for the sake of

society’s larger values)– universal ethical principle orientation (some things

transcend society)

Lawrence Kohlberg (1963)• Criticism

– Talk is cheap!– Carol Gilligan: Care

orientation vs. Justice Orientation

Langer and Rodin (1976)• Ellen J. Langer

– Harvard Dept. of Psychology– Mindfulness Theory

• The Effects of Choice…(1976)