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Topic I.7. Pipelines: Kinds, Structures, Construction and Testing

Definition: Pipes, transmitting water from the intakes to the service (distributing) reservoirs.

Pipelines KindsI. According to the pressure Pressurised (gravity, pumping) Non-pressurised Slightly pressurised Combined

II. According to the branches Single Branch

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Pipelines Kinds

Pressurised pipelinesa - Pumpingб. b - Gravity

B - water intakesHP - service reservoirПC - pumping station1 - pipeline2 - dynamic water head line3 - static head line4 - air valves5 - blow off valves6 - relieve chambers

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Pipelines Kinds

Pressurised Gravity Pipeline

1 - blow off valves 3 - relieve chamber2 - air valves 4 - water intake

5 - service (distributing) reservoir

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Pipelines Kinds

Single and Branch Pipelines

a - single pipelineб, b - branch pipelinesг - double pipeline1 - water intakes2 - pipelines3 - distributing reservoirs

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Pipelines Structures

Pipeline Appurtenances(Auxiliaries)

Valves Stop (gate) valve Air valve Check valve

Chambers (Shafts) Water relieve chamber Air release/intake shaft Blow off shaft

Other facilities Invert siphons Aqueducts (conduits) Tunnels

Pipeline materials

Concrete pipes Reinforced concrete pipes Steel pipes Cast iron pipes Asbestos-cement pipes Plastic pipes

Pipeline Foundation

Strait pipeline - bed and supports Horizontal and vertical turns -

supports Duff-end and branching supports

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Pipelines Structures

Air Valves (schemes)1 - air inlet/release orifice 2 - float

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Pipeline Structures

Blow Off Shaft

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Pipeline Structures

Water Relieve Shaft

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Networks Structures

Forces Acting on the Pipelines

a - at horizontal curves б, b - at vertical curves г - at duff endд - at confussors/difussors e - at declined strait pipes ж - at T-fittings

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Pipeline Structures

Pipeline Supportsa - at horizontal curvesб - at declined pipelinesb - at duff pipesг - at convex vertical curvesд - at concave vertical curves

1, 5 -concrete supporting block2 - pipe3 - concrete pillow4 - insulation6 - anchors

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Pipeline Structures

Axial Deformation Jacka - Pipes without a flange 1 - gasket fillingб - Pipes with a flange 2 - rubber gasket

3 - flanges

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Pipelines Construction

Pipeline Lay Out Requirements Water intakes and service reservoirs to be connected in the shortest way The pipeline permanent way must be laid out on uniform and not very steep

terrain The pipeline permanent way must be laid out in parallel with or close to roads Crossing rivers, rail ways and roads must be avoid if possible Weak soils should be avoid Minimum ecological deterioration

Pipeline Construction Pipeline trench digging Pipes foundation Pipes laying down Pipeline trench filling up

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Pipelines Testing

I. Testing stages First stage - before the trench filling up Second stage - after the trench filling up Third stage - pipeline disinfection

II. Kinds of tests Test for strength - at working pressure Test for permeability

III. Testing procedures for permeability Pressurized pipelines with working pressure under 0,5 MPa -

at a pressure, two times higher than the working one Pressurized pipelines with working pressure over 0,5 MPa -

at a pressure, exceeding the working one with 0,5 MPa, but not less thanthe static head plus 0,2 Mpa