•1914-1918:

The Worldat War

Vietnam Memorial – 58,000 Americans How long would the WWI Memorial Wall be?

14 Miles

Focus Question

• The “Celebration of War” – What does it mean?

Causesof

World War I

Causesof

World War I

1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Alliances

• 1. Germany – Bismarck’s main goal was to isolate France (Alsace/Lorraine).

• He also needed to keep peace between Russia and Austria

Alliances

• 2. Triple Alliance (Central Powers) – Germany, A/H, Italy (1880s)

A. Bismarck added Russia to isolate France, but A/H and Russia are enemies. He needed to keep peace

B. New German leadership want to be imperialistic. They let treaty with Russia lapse (1890).

C. Encourages A/H to attack Serbia.

Alliances

• 3. Triple Entente (Allies) – France, GB, and Russia (1904)

A. France feared Germany and needed allies. Persuade Russia (1894) - Democratic

B. GB – Feared Germany’s naval build-up. Interfered w/ trade. 1904 – France and GB settle colonial disputes. GB joins Entente and is no longer isolated.

Alliance

• Cont. C. Morocco Crisis (1911) – Germany tries to

break up GB and France.

D. Russia and GB had colonial disputes (Afghanistan and Persia), but settled because of fear of Russia.

Alliances

• This placed pressure on Germany. A/H was the only trusted ally and they can not be weakened by war with the Slavs.

• Germany viewed the Entente as hostile, but it was created to preserve peace in Europe.

2. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

2. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

Imperialism

• 1. Morocco – controlled by France, but Germany has commercial interests (port).

• 2. Africa, Asia, Pacific Islands• 3. Imposed taxes on their subjects• 4. The need for raw materials and markets

3. Militarism & Arms Race3. Militarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73%

Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,

Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.

Militarism

• 1. All powers build up Military (1870-1914) A. Germany builds up navy and GB

answers. B. France embarrassed by Franco-Prussian

War. C. Russia needs to protect Serbia and war

with Japan in 1905.

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

4. Aggressive Nationalism

4. Aggressive Nationalism

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The

“Spark”

The

“Spark”

Balkans

• 1. Russia (1908) – wanted a sea route to the Mediterranean.

- Ottomans and A/H controlled the Dardanelles.

- A/H wanted to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina.

- A/H and Russia cut a deal, but France and GB veto.

Balkans

• 2. Serbia – upset about annexation, Russia humiliated

- Balkan War (1912) – Russia vowed to help w/ next confrontation w/ A/H.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo

Assassination

• 1. Archduke Ferdinand favored policy to give Slavs equality with Hungary.

• 2. Black Hand – Pro-Slavic terrorist group, not supported by Serbia.

• 3. 6/28/1914 - Sarajevo, Bosnia – Ferdinand and his wife were killed by Princip. The Serbian Govt. knew about the plans.

The Assassin: The Assassin:GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

48 Hour Ultimatum

• Terms were so harsh that it was impossible for Serbia to accept. A/H wanted a military solution

1.Limited War vs. General War – Serbia vs. A/H2.Russia was going to protect Serbia and

Germany was going to protect A/H3.What is France and GB going to do?

Declaration of War

• 1. July 28, 1914 – A/H declares war on Serbia.• 2. July 30, - Russia starts full mobilization.• 3. August 1 – Germany declare war on Russia

and 2 days later declares war on France.• 4. Germany turns full attention on France and

enters neutral Belgium. GB has no choice but to enter the war.

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

Germany – A/H – Serbia – Russia – France - GB

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan

German Atrocities in Belgium

German Atrocities in Belgium

MobilizationMobilization

War as CelebrationWar as CelebrationWar as CelebrationWar as Celebration

Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!

No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!

Nationalism!Nationalism!

Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!

No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!

Nationalism!Nationalism!

Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters

Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

New French RecruitsNew French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

American PosterAmerican Poster

Financing the WarFinancing the War

German PosterGerman Poster

Think of Your Children!Think of Your Children!

The Western

Front:France

A “War of

Attrition”

The Western

Front:France

A “War of

Attrition”

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

Schlieffen Plan

• 1. 2 fronts – Attack France and defeat quickly, then move to Russia (RR).

• 2. Problems A. Belgium – heavily fortified B. Strong resistance from the Dutch C. Russia mobilized quickly

The Western FrontThe Western Front

Western Front

• The French attacked Alsace/Lorraine• Battle of the Marne (9/5) – Germans 8 miles

from Paris. 2.5 million troops fought. The end of the Schlieffen Plan

• Reconnaissance Planes and 600 taxi cabs• Race to the North Sea – Try to outflank each

other

Battle of the Marne

Trench Warfare

• Stalemate – shovels, landmines, barbed wire, and machine guns

• Poison gas (wind aided), tanks, and planes• Modern Weapons more deadly

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No ManNo Man’’s s LandLand””

““No ManNo Man’’s s LandLand””

Verdun – February, 1916

Verdun – February, 1916

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000

Verdun

• 2/1916 – French fortress is attacked for 5 months – 750,000 troops die

• Underground bunkers• 40 million artillery shells• Germans thought the

French would quit - WRONG

The Somme – July, 1916

The Somme – July, 1916

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

Tank used for the first time (3 mph)

Unrestricted Sub Warfare (Starve Britain)

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

Tank used for the first time (3 mph)

Unrestricted Sub Warfare (Starve Britain)

War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

TheEasternFront

TheEasternFront

Italy

• 1915 – they enter the side of the Allies, because they are promised A/H land.

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Gallipoli

• British attack Turkey to claim Dardanelles. It is a disaster for Churchill – Russia?

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-

18

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-

18

The Tsar with General Brusilov

The Tsar with General Brusilov

Russia

• Russia had the numbers, but not ready for war.

• 1916 offensive – Forced A/H back, but lost 1 million men.

• Poor morale at the front and at home• 1917 - Russian Revolution

The“Colonial”

Fronts

The“Colonial”

Fronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

America

Joinsthe

Allies

America

Joinsthe

Allies

Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918)

• Russia (communists) signs the treaty with Germany

• Russia gives up Poland, the Ukraine, Finland, and the Baltic States

• 34% of population• 32% of farmland• 54% industrial centers• 89% of coal

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

War at Sea

• Restricted sub warfare – decode wire messages• 1. Lusitania (1915) – 1 torpedo warning, 128

Americans killed - Gulflight – American merchant ship sunk –

America stays neutral• 2. Unrestricted sub warfare (1917) – Germans

wanted to starve GB. They torpedoed neutral and enemy ships.

War at Sea

• Convoy system – Merchant ships protected by British and American navy

U.S. Enters War

• Zimmerman Note (March 1917) – German Foreign Minister promised Mexico Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico, if they join Germany.

• German spies try to bribe members of Congress

• April 4, 1917 – Declaration of War – First combat troops on 10/21/17

• End of the stalemate?

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

Americans in the Trenches

The War of the

Industrial Revolution:

NewTechnology

The War of the

Industrial Revolution:

NewTechnology

French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres

U-BoatsU-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “Red Baron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

“Art”of

WorldWar I

“Art”of

WorldWar I

“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”

Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918

“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”, 1918

German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”, 1918

Germany’s Last Offensive

• 3/21/18 - Attack British and push them back.• The British and Americans hold on.• Then, the Germans attack the French and

push them back to within 50 miles of Paris.• The Americans save the day.• 11/11/18 on the 11th hour – Germany signs an

Armistice. What does this mean?

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Armistice is Signed!

1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic:

Depletes All Armies

1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic:

Depletes All Armies

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 100,000,000 died

– 3-6% of the – 3-6% of the populationpopulation

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 100,000,000 died

– 3-6% of the – 3-6% of the populationpopulation

Spanish Flu

9,000,0009,000,000 RussiansRussians DeadDead9,000,0009,000,000 RussiansRussians DeadDead

The Somme American Cemetary, France

The Somme American Cemetary, France

116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

Wilson Presents His Plan• Fourteen Points-Plan for World Peace• Fourteen Points speech given before

Congress, points divided into three groups• First 5 points Wilson believed had to

be addressed to prevent another war• Self-determination

14 POINTS1. There should be no secret treaties

among nations.2. Freedom of the seas.3. Free Trade4. Arms should be reduced – use

diplomacy5. Self-determination of colonies

14-points continued• 6-13 dealt with boundary changes• 14th point - League of Nations- provide a

forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances without war

The Allies Reject Wilson’s Plan• Georges Clemenceau-French premier angry

about German invasions• David Lloyd George-British Prime Minister,

“Make Germany Pay”• Peace Conference did not include Central Powers

or Russia – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk rejected• Treaty of Versailles-created new nations, shifted

boundaries, and barred Germany from maintaining an Army – Weaken Germany

• Germany made to pay reparations-pay war damages amounting to 33 billion – Saar Basin and Rhineland

Treaty’s Weaknesses• Flaws in the treaty sowed the seeds of postwar

international problems that eventually lead to WWII

• Treaty humiliated Germany• War-Guilt Clause-forced Germany to admit sole

responsibility for starting WWI• No way Germany could pay the bill• Russia was excluded from the peace conference

and lost more territory than Germany (Russia had the most causalities in war and fought for 3 years)

Debate of the Treaty• Some believed treaty was too harsh• A few felt that the League of Nations

threatened US isolationism and the constitutional right of Congress to declare war

• Wilson set out in the US and spoke about the League of Nations

• Became ill on October 2, 1919 and suffered a stroke

• US Senate rejected the League of Nations and signed a separate treaty w/ Germany in 1921

THE LEGACY OF THE WAR• Adolf Hitler emerged as an angry WWI vet and rose

to power in Germany

• Treaty of Versailles settled nothing

• World War I changed the U.S.– Strengthened military– Social change for African Americans and Women