Post on 27-Dec-2015
1750-1870, the early stages of Imperialism
Africa and Asia
Southern Africa: Zulu kingdom
Shaka created the kingdom (and eventually, culture) as a result of conflict over grazing and farming lands
Shaka expanded the kingdom with fierce military power, raiding neighbors, seizing cattle, capturing women and children and inspiring fierce loyalty from his people
This movement created refugees in surrounding areas, some of whom created their own states (Swazi, Lesotho)
New African States
Western Africa: Sokoto CaliphateIslamic reform movements created powerful
statesRural people had been slow to accept Islam, so
Muslim rulers scholars began to preach the need for real Muslim practices
Jihad was declared, acquiring new lands, enforcing Islamic law in these places
The Sokoto Caliphate was the largest of these new West African states
These new states became centers of learning for Muslim boys
Sokoto slave trade carried 10,000 slaves a year, mostly women and children
New African States
Muhammad Ali ruled Egypt after Napoleon from 1805-1848
His main goal was to give Egypt the military strength to resist further domination by Europe
He used European experts to help him modernizeReforms included:
Increased agricultural production, modern government system, modern army, European-style school system
To pay for these things, Egyptians were forced to grow cotton for profit; the demand on the peasants was high
He did not get rid of Islamic traditions; i.e., he revived many Islamic classics by translating manuals into Arabic, renewing interest in the language
By the end of Muhammad’s reign, the population of Egypt had doubled, trade with Europe expanded 600%, new educated Egyptian class rose
Modernization in Egypt
Europeans were first interested in finding the source of Africa’s great rivers, finding places for Christian missionaries to visit, and discovering raw materials to exploit (a sign of things to come)
France in Algeria: The French invaded and lost, but the war raged on for 18 years
anywaysExploration in West Africa along the Niger River
The slave trade had contributed greatly to the increase in the value of trade on the Atlantic
In the 1790s a successful slave revolt in Saint Domingue helped end the slave trade.
Humanitarians and reformers called for the end of the slave trade In 1808 Great Britain and the U.S. ended the formal slave trade African’s expanded “legitimate” trade—palm oil was successful The social structure of the west coast economies was greatly
altered End of slave trade increase Western influence in Africa—British
anti-slave ports, Liberia, more missionaries
European Curiosity in Africa
A brief scuffle for India at the end of a declining Mughal Empire (Iran, France) saw Britain win the big prize
At first the British East India Company controlled the subcontinent, little by little—major ports of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay
The population of India was huge (more than all of Europe and colonies) and the British raj created a familiar model of government
Main policies of British government:Powerful and efficient governmentDisarm civilians, make them into farmers of cotton/raw
materials for England’s textile industryFree reign for Christian missionariesUse of “traditions” to link past and present, mostly to
display honor to British rulers
India Under British Rule
Effects of British Rule on India