Transcript of 17 th Century Eastern Europe Political Disintegration 16 th – 17 th centuries saw disintegration...
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- 17 th Century Eastern Europe
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- Political Disintegration 16 th 17 th centuries saw
disintegration France = Wars of Religion England = English
Revolution Spain = Philip s Crusades HRE = 30 yrs War
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- From the Ashes 2 Ways to Unite: Constitutionalism Absolutism
New Players Arrive Russia Prussia If neither adopted, failure is
assured Ex: Poland
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- Failure of Poland Elected Kings (the Noble Republic) Any Noble
can veto any law Enserfment of peasant population Complete collapse
of gov t Eventual disappearance of Poland from map! (Partitions of
Poland)
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- Old Fashioned and Out-of Date 1. HRE (Hapsburg) Religious
differences Cultural differences Economic Weakness German States
Fragmented
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- 2. Ottoman Empire Janissaries Religious Differences Foreign
Power Structures 3. Poland Cultural Barriers Lack of Law and Order
Unable to adapt
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- New and Improved 1.Austrian Empire Hapsburg Realignment
Pragmatic Sanction 2.Prussia Hohenzollerns Military
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- 3. Russia Westernization Peter s Revolutions
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- HRE The German States Fragmented and Religiously divided
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- Fragmented 300 States 1,500 Knightdoms Some with populations
under 300 Held a lot of independence Ruled by Electors Hapsburg
family elected constantly to rule as Emperor Had little actual
power
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- Religiously Divided Northern territories mainly Lutheran
Southern mainly Catholic Peace of Augsburg Local ruler determined
religion (Lutheran or Catholic) NO religious toleration or freedom
DID NOT include Calvinists
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- 30 Years War War between Lutherans, Catholics and Calvinists
Motivations switched from religious intent to political intent
France, England, Austria, and others involved
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- Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Same as Peace of Augsburg except
Calvinists were added Kept HRE fragmented and weak
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- Austria One of the German States Austrian Hapsburgs gained
power through territorial expansion during the wars Pragmatic
Sanction Hapsburg territory will never be divided
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- Prussia German State on the rise Rulers transformed Prussia
into a weak state to a powerful military state Throughout 30 Years
war and other conflicts, Prussia acquired more and more land
Hohenzollern family ruled Prussia
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- Prussia in the 17 th Century
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- Early Hohenzollerns Ruled as electors of Brandenburg and dukes
of Prussia First among equals (simply the largest landowner in a
landlord society) Dukes of Prussia part of Poland Brandenburg
called the sand-box of the HRE No sea port
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- Brandenburg established in 950 AD by Otto I One of the 7
Electors of HRE (1417s Golden Bull) Marriages increase size of
Brandenburg Peace of Westphalia grant more land (3 Bishoprics &
1 Archbishopric) No natural borders fragmented areas
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- Hohenzollerns reached lowest point during 30 yrs war However,
Peace of Westphalia did grant more land (3 Bishoprics & 1
Archbishopric) Weakened Brandenburg allowed Frederick William (The
Great Elector) to overstep bounds and pave way to Prussian
absolutism
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- Frederick William: 1640-1688 The Great Elector Try to unite:
Historic Brandenburg (area around Berlin) Prussia Scattered
holdings around Rhine River Each dominated by Junkers (landowning
class)
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- He forced Estates (Junkers) to accept taxation without consent
Used $ to pay for standing army Estate power dwindle State revenue
triple Army leaped ahead tenfold
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- On-going war with Tatars from East and Swedish/Polish conflict
created atmosphere of permanent crisis Allowed Frederick to
continue taxation and military expansion Estates (Junkers) further
weakened Constitutionalism avoided due to above
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- Consolidation of Prussian Absolutism The Great Elector died in
1688 Newly formed Absolutist Prussia was still fragile Successor
Elector Frederick III (the Ostentatious) aka KING Frederick I:
1688-1713 Weak ruler tried to copy Louis XIV s court Crowned King
by Hapsburg for helping in War of Sp Succ.
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- King Frederick William I King Frederick William I Soldier s
King : 1713-1740 After Frederick I, Frederick William took throne
Crude, Dangerous and psychoneurotic man Bent on organization and
military build up Always wore military uniform
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- Did not destroy Junkers and nobility, instead he enlisted them
in the military! Became the officer caste Many commoners served in
civil government Last traces of parliamentary Estates and local
self-government gone By 1740, Prussia had 4 th largest army in
Europe
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- Soldier to soldier, Prussia s army was best Skill, discipline,
and organization Sparta of the North Highest virtue = unquestioned
obedience
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- King Frederick II the Great (1740-1786) Enlightened Monarch!!!
Letters with Voltaire Rulers should be the first servant of the
state Enlightened Ideas implemented Single code of law for all
territories No torture except for treason & murder Toleration
of religion Some limited free speech & press Too dependent on
nobles to free serfs yet
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- Enlarged military to 200,000 Seized Silesia (Austrian province)
Made Prussia & Austria enemies Pulled into 2 wars over this:
War of Austrian Succession Seven Years War First Partition of
Poland gave land to Brandenburg-Prussia By end of his reign,
Prussia a major European power
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- Austrian Empire 17 th -18 th centuries
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- I. Effect of the 30 Years War Any hope of unified German Empire
dashed Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Austrian ruler in charge of:
Lower/Upper Austria, Carinthia, Carniola, Styria, Tyrol, Bohemia
(added during 30 yrs war) Claimed Hungary too In name only at this
point Eastern principality (Transylvania) independent Central
Hungary under control of Ottoman Turks
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- II. Islamic/ Turk Threat 1683 Western Austrian expansion
blocked now look East opportunity arose in 1683 Vienna sieged in
1683 by expanding Turks Capital of Austria Euro Christian forces
combine Austria, Saxony, Bavaria, and Poland Prince Eugene of Savoy
led forces 1687 Turks pushed back Treaty of Karlowitz (1699)
Austria took control of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, Slovenia
Eastern Austrian Empire established
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- III. End of War of Spanish Succession Discussed in the Louis
XIV wars unit Wars Treaty Gave Austria Spanish Netherlands Formal
recognition of Austrian control of Milan, Mantua, Sardinia,
Naples
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- IV. Division within Monarchy never centralized Too many
nationalities Was a collection of territories held together by
personal union (Hapsburg) Austrian ruler was: Archduke of Austria
King of Bohemia King of Hungary Each had its own estates-general,
sets of laws, and political life
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- V. Charles VI (1711-1740) Empire seemed fragile due to
divisions Charles issued the Pragmatic Sanction in an attempt to
preserve the Empire Hapsburg holdings declared indivisible Sought
internal noble support Sought international support Took years Many
damaging concessions made to acquire agreement Charles VI died with
no male heir
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- Maria Theresa was only direct heir she claimed the throne No
sooner was Charles body cold Many claimants to throne arose
PRAMATIC SANCTION IGNORED!!! Prussia took advantage and took
Silesia Bavaria took advantage and took Hapsburg territory They
even claimed title of HRE!!! France threw support behind Bavaria
(and others)
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- VI. War of the Austrian Succession Series of wars (1740-1748)
Prussian invasion of Silesia (Silesian Wars) Bohemian invasion of
Hapsburg territory French invasion of Netherlands Etc. War
everywhere! France v England in India France v England in N America
Maria Theresa sought support from England England feared French
hegemony in Europe Balance of Power issue
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- Strongest claimant to Austrian throne (other than Maria
Theresa) died Charles Albert died 1745 His son gave up claims to
throne Tired of continued warfare Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle signed
(1748) All previous territories returned except Silesia (remained
in Prussian hands) Maria Theresa ruler of Austrian Empire
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- VII. Maria Theresa & Joseph II Maria Theresa (1740-1780)
Abolished Austrian & Bohemian Chancelleries Created centralized
departments Foreign Affairs, Justice, War, Commerce, Internal
Affairs Reduced role of local diets Clergy & nobles pay taxes
to royal officials instead of local diets Territories divided into
10 provinces administered by royal agents rather than local diets
Staunch Catholic not open to philosophes Mercantilist Policies
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- Maria Theresa began administrative and economic reforms in
1749, drawing on mercantilist theory and examples provided by
Prussian and French reforms. In addition, she undertook reforms in
the social, legal, and religious spheres. During the co-regency and
after Maria Theresa's death, Joseph continued the reforms along the
lines pursued by his mother. But mother and son had sharply
different motivations. Maria Theresa was a pious Catholic empress
working within the structure of a paternalistic, baroque absolutism
and was unsympathetic to the Enlightenment. Joseph, in contrast,
gave the reforms an ideological edge reflecting the utilitarian
theories of the Enlightenment. Because his reforms were more
ideologically driven and thus less flexible and pragmatic, they
frequently were also less successful and disrupted the stability of
the Habsburg Empire.
http://staff.gps.edu/mines/Age%20of%20Absol%20-%20Enlightend%20Despots.htm
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- Joseph II (1765-1780 co-rule: 1780-1790) Enlightened Despot
Idealistic many reforms were not practical Abolished Serfdom
Eliminated Trade barriers, monopolies, guild restrictions
(Physiocratic ideology) New penal code equality before the law
Complete religious toleration Adopt German as national language
Many policies failed Alienated Catholic Church Serfs displeased
(now free jobs? Income? Too much change too quickly: Non-German
speakers alienate