Post on 18-Dec-2015
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Biomedical Imaging of the Future
Alvin T. Yeh
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Texas A&M University
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Patient management and clinical care
• Qualitative observations
• Physical examinations
• Quality care Physician experience/expertise
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Biomedical Imaging
• Extension of physician’s ability to observe
• Qualitative– morphological / structural– magnification– allow minimally invasive observations
• Clinical imaging standardsX-ray (CT), Ultrasound, MRI
biopsy (pathology)
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Biomedical Imaging
• Existing Technologies
• Emerging Technologies
• Imaging in Early Detection
• Imaging in Therapy
• Informatics
• Education / Training
Image Guided Interventions
Maximize information content
Data management, analysis, interpretation
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Existing Technologies
• Tissue / Organ Level
X-ray (CT), Ultrasound, MRI
radionuclide imaging (PET)– low information content
• (Sub)Cellular Level
Histology biopsy
Electron microscopy
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Existing Technologies
• Technical advancements (tissue / organ level)– spatial and temporal resolution– image acquisition time– detectors– contrast
• Higher information content– functional, more specific
• fundamental understanding of disease• provide diagnosis more specific to development, selection,
evaluation of therapy
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Existing Technologies
• Higher information content (cont’)– develop improved contrast enhancement
agents / probes• physiological processes
– dynamic
• Multi-modal imaging / combinatorial techniques
• Non-invasive
normal
disease
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Emerging Technologies• Imaging at the Tissue / Organ Level
snapshots of organs or tissues over time– radionuclide imaging (PET)– fMRI, CT
• (Sub)cellular Level
anatomy, cell structure, histopathology of living tissue– Optical imaging
• fluorescence• optical probes / labels
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Emerging Technologies
• Bioluminescence– real time monitoring in living animals
• tracking and monitoring infectious diseases / cancer metastasis
• drug delivery, efficacy – toxicology screening
– changing biologic experimental paradigm
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Emerging Technologies
• High information content at high resolution– functionality / structure—function– vital indicators
• gene expression• ion concentration• metabolism• membrane potential
• Non-invasive, intravital imaging– serial biopsies
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Molecular Imaging
• Imaging at the Molecular Level– cell function– metabolism– gene expression– drug and vector development / delivery– in vivo protein interactions– disease specific tracers and probes
• Molecular Probes / Contrast Agents
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Molecular Imaging
• Develop molecular probes & contrast agents– links imaging modality with specific biological
processes
• Image specific molecular targets– capitalize on mapping of human genome
• Drug development– monitor drug delivery, validation & efficacy,
effects on biological target
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Imaging for Early Detection of Disease
• Clinical Standards– PET, fMRI neurological disease– MRI cardiac function imaging
contrast enhanced imaging for breast and other cancers
– 3-D Ultrasound breast cancer
prenatal exams
heart function
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Imaging for Early Detection of Disease
• Develop more specific imaging– fundamental understanding of disease– pinpoint signifying events in disease onset– genetic imaging / origin of disease
• Quantification of imaging– define biologic characteristics / parameters– standardization for comparison– monitor therapy & disease progression
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Imaging in Therapy
• Exploit multiple (complementary) imaging modalities– diagnosis– position of lesion in 3-D– real time monitoring
• Image Guided Interventions
• Surgical computer aided design
• Distance Medicine
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Image Guided Interventions
Use of real time images for guidance, navigation and orientation to reach a specific target for a minimally invasive patient encounter.
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Image Guided Interventions• locate targets seamlessly across spatial scales• intra-operative, real time, 3-D image-guided navigation
for moving / deformable tissues / organs• full array of anatomical, molecular, functional imaging• multimodal image guidance w/ cellular resolution• trajectory planning using image guidance• plan, guide, affect, monitor treatment
Northwestern University
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Image Guided Interventions• less invasive• efficient• assurance of procedure outcome
• cost• may add unnecessary complexity• images over interpreted unnecessary
procedures / over-diagnosis
fewer complicationsless normal tissue damage
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Informatics
• collection and processing of imaging data for research / medicine
• manage large databases of patient information extract information
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Informatics
• Methods for image analysis and segmentation
• Reconstruction methods– continuous across large spatial scales
3-D
4-D
• Coherent assemblage of massive amounts of data readily interpretable picture
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Education and Training
• Multidisciplinary– chemistry, physics, (molecular) biology,
pharmacology, medicine, biomedical engineering, bioinformatics, radiology…
– principles of medical imaging, probe targeting /development, tracer methodologies, normal physiology, process of disease
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Education and Training
• History: major advances in medical technology fundamental discoveries in basic sciences
• Biomedical Engineer – link various disciplines – navigate intellectual landscape
• Know something about everything – be an expert in something
16 November 2004 Biomedical ImagingBMEN
Education and Training
• improve health– promoting fundamental discoveries, design and
development– translation and assessment of technological
capabilities in biomedical imaging and bioengineering
• translate fundamental or crosscutting discoveries and developments in information science, physics, chemistry, mathematics, materials science, computer sciences