Post on 14-Dec-2015
1501 Life-span development
Means of study longitudinal/cross-sectional
Development occurs toward differentiation– few to many– simple to complex– general to specialized– homogeneous to diverse
Nature to nurture controversy Maturation:
– any relatively permanent change as the result of internal prompted processes, without regard to environment or personal experience.
Piaget and Vygotsky
Jean Piaget– Development depends on
• organization• adaptation
– assimilation– accommodation
– Stages• Sensorimotor
– spans from birth to 2 years of age– the focus is on concrete actions– development of object permanence– the beginning development of symbolic play
– Cont stages• Preoperational
– spans 2 to 7 years of age– the focus is on the missing abilities
» egocentrism» centration» irreversibility
• Concrete operational– spans 7 to 11 years of age– focus on decentration, reversibility, seriation
Cont stages– Formal operational
• spans 12 years and up• focuses on
– abstract thinking– systematic thinking– logical and reflective thinking
Evaluate Piaget
The theory of Leo Vygotsky
Social influence is more important than biological influences.
Cognitive development occurs through internalization, whereby individuals absorb knowledge from their social context.
Cont. theory of Vygotsky
Develop intelligence within a zone of proximal development (ZPD), the range of ability between a child’s developed, observable level of ability and the child’s full level, potentially hidden.
In summary, Piaget emphasized maturation(nature), while Vygotsky emphasized learning (nurture).
Physical Development
Pre-natal development– 3 stages
• germinal• embryonic• fetal
Teratogens
Cont. physical development
Newborn Development– The newborn prefers
• to look at human faces• listen to the human voice• the most fully developed sense is touch• motor reflexes: automatic behavior necessary
for survival• cephlocaudal (head to toe) See milestones in
chart, pg. 313.
Emotional development
Attachment – Not insananeous– Begins around 6 to 8 months– Peaks at 14 to 18 months– Tapers and is usually resolved around 30
months.
3 Theories of attachment– Reinforcement theory
• Harry and Margaret Harlow
– Biological • John Bowlby
– Social • Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation
– 3 types of personality» secure attachment» ambivalent attachment» avoidant attachment
Strength of attachment effects emotional development. Secure attachment results in obedient, persistent, curious, independent children.
Childhood
Socioemotional Development Erikson
– Trust vs. Mistrust • Birth to 1 year of age• Dependent for biological needs
– Autonomy vs Shame/doubt• 1 to 3 years of age• Toilet training and other regulating behavior.
– Initiative vs Guilt• 3 to 6 years of age• social function within the family
– Industry vs Inferiority• 6 to puberty• social function outside the family
– Identity vs role confusion• adolescence• try to figure out who they are
– Intimacy vs isolation• young adult• develop loving intimate relationships
– Generativity vs stagnation• middle adult• work and prepare for the next generation
– Integrity vs despair• late adulthood• reflection on life
Gender development
2-3 no gender constancy 4-5 gender identity Gender socialization
– learn gender norms of culture Gender schema
– knowledge, beliefs, expectations about gender roles.
Interpersonal relationships
Follows ability to consider another’s point of view.
Adolescence Development
Physical development– Puberty
Cognitive development– Inductive reasoning
• Observing specifics and making hypotheses
– Deductive reasoning• Taking general principles and applying to
specific instances.
– Personal fable• Destined to fame or fortune
– Invincibility fallacy• Not subject to the same risks as everyone else.
Socioemotional development– Identity crisis– Imaginary audience
• They feel they are the constant object of the thoughts, judgments, and observations of other people.
Moral Development by L. Kohlberg– Preconventional
• Acts are right/wrong because they are punished/rewarded
– Conventional• Rules are necessary for social order
– Postconventional• Personal code of ethics
For most, depend on situation and will regress when necessary.
Cont. Moral development– Carol Gilligan
• Justice vs compassion.
Adult Development
Cognitive development– Slower processes– IQ remains stable through adulthood with a slight
decline after 60 years of age and a more rapid decline a few years before death primarily due to health problems.
– Even though the thinking processes may slow, the decline is balanced by stabilization and even advancement of well-practiced mental functioning.
Important milestones– Social clock– Long-term relationships/marriage
• Validating marriage:– Compromise and calmly resolve conflict
• Conflict-avoiding marriage:– agree to disagree and avoid conflict
• Volatile marriages– frequent conflicts
What destroys a marriage– Attacking a partner’s character, rather than
behavior– Being defensive– Failing to respond to the needs of the
partner
Career/stages– Exploration: search for a career– Establishment: begins to be identified with
a particular career– Mid-career: established in career– Late-career: fully established and may
even be a mentor.
Mid-life crisis Retirement
Language Development
0-6 month: crying– Motherese
6-10 month: phonemes 10-13 month: morphomes 13-18 month: 3-50 words
– overextention 18-2y begin to put 2-3 words together -
– telegraphic
18m-6y: 8000-14000 words– overregularization