Post on 21-Jul-2020
Waste-to-Energyin Europeu ope
Ella Stengler presentation of the Third Report on WtE
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Ella Stengler Managing DirectorCEWEP
presentation of the Third Report on WtE plants in Italy by Federambiente and ENEA
12 April 2012
CEWEPConfederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants
European Umbrella Organisationof the Waste-to-Energy (WtE)Plant Owners and OperatorsPlant Owners and Operators.
WtE Plants thermally treathousehold and similar waste thatremains after waste prevention,reuse and recycling by A new WtE plant in Torinoreuse and recycling bygenerating energy from it.
A new WtE plant in Torino
Capacity (data 2009): • Europe: ca. 70 Mio. tonnes
CEWEP M b E 59 Mi t (84%)• CEWEP Members Europe: 59 Mio. tonnes (84%)
Waste-to-Energy has a role to play
WtE i f i i i i th l f t (90%)
in both waste and energy policy
• WtE is a means of minimizing the volume of waste (90%), destroying the bacteria, germs etc. found in the waste and making it hygienic.g ygChemical pollutants found in the waste are concentrated and cleaned in effective Flue Gas Cleaning Systems WtE h l t d b th d d l dfill• WtE helps to reduce both, dependence on landfill and limited fossil fuel resources R d i h i i Reducing green house gas emissions− From fossil fuels which would be
used to produce this energy andp gy− From landfills
• WtE is a reliable, locally available renewable energy source
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y gy• The technology is robust and proven from decades of experience
guaranteeing low emissions 3A2A WtE plant Brescia, Italy
WtE CapacitiesWtE Capacities
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Waste-to-Energy in Europein 2009in 2009
Finland3 0.3
Norway• Waste-to-Energy Plants operating in Europe (not including hazardous waste incineration plants)
• Waste thermally treated in Waste-to-Energy plantsin million tonnes
Sweden31 4.7
Norway20 1.0
Estonia
Latvia
LithuaniaDenmark31 3.5
United Kingdom23 3.4
Ireland
N th l d Poland*Netherlands12 6.3
Belgium16 2.8
Germany70 19.1
Poland1 0.04
Luxembourg*1 0 1
Czech Republic3 0.4 Slovakia*
France130 13.7
1 0.1 2 0.2Austria14 2.2Switzerland
28 3.6Hungary
1 0.4Slovenia*1 0.01
Romania
Bulgaria
Spain10 2.2
Portugal3 1.1
Italy49 4.5
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GreeceData supplied by CEWEP members unless specified otherwise* From Eurostat
WtE Capacity Development within Europep
Country Groups Likely developmentsCountry Groups Likely developmentsPotential for expansion
DE NL DK SE CH A BE R t t iDE, NL, DK, SE, CH, A, BE Recent extensionsDemand and Capacity in balance or some free capacity emerging
FR, IT, ES, PT, IE Market opportunities, but complicationsdue to local policies & preferences
UK, CZ, PL, FI Major extension potential
GR, new EU entrants Major potential, but variouscomplications and hurdles despite EU supportsupport
WtE Capacity Development within Europe (estimated figures)p ( g )
20.000European WtE capacity development (million tonnes)
16.000
18.000
European WtE capacity development (million tonnes)70 by end 2009 --> 77 by end 2012 --> 89 by end 2016 --> 91 by end 2020
12 000
14.000
10.000
12.000
additional 2017-20additional 2013- 16additional 2010- 12
6.000
8.000 Sum 2009
2.000
4.000
0
DE FR NL IT SE CH DK
UK BE ES AT PT NO HU CZ FI SK LU PL SL IE
CR
OR
O CY LT EE BG
Municipal waste treatment in 2010 EU 27 & CH+NO
Graph by CEWEP, Source: EUROSTAT 2010
9 13 10 61100%
10
40 4235 33
3934
39 4133
19 1622
26 23 20
9
1813 10 6
4380%
90%
9
19
1610 1
62 6170
62
5042
4651
43
60%
70%
86 9194
99 10022 34
22 1215 4 1
50%
60%
5157 58 58
6268 69
7377 80 81 82
86
49
54
35
5130%
40%
% Recycled + Composted
38
18
31
4549 51
38 3930
37
49 50
10%
20%
% Incinerated
% Landfilled
1 1 1 3
18
60%
EU…
DE NL
AT BE SE DK LU FR FI UK IT IE SL ES PT CZ
HU PL EE CY SK GR
MT LV LT RO BG CH
NO
Municipal waste treatment in 2010 EU 27
Graph by CEWEP, Source: EUROSTAT 2010
38% of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
38%40% R l d +
Solid Waste (MSW) across the EU 27 is still landfilled (> 90
LandfilledRecycled + Composted Mio t).
WtE t th ithWtE – together with Recycling helps to divert waste from
22%Incinerated
divert waste from landfills
Diverting waste from landfillsDiverting waste from landfills
Most successful countries in EU-27:• Germany, Netherlands, Austria, Belgium and Swedeny, , , g
• 1% or less landfilling of Municipal Waste
• Main means: landfill bans in all 5 countries;
More details about landfill bans and taxes:http://www.cewep.eu/information/data/landfill/index.html
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European Environment Agency report 2011report 2011 'Waste opportunities’
Three different scenarios for 2020 reg. CO2-e savings d t 2008 j t dcompared to 2008 are projected .
• Business-as-usual: additionally 44 Mt CO2-e savingsAll t i f ll t th L dfill Di ti ’ t t• All countries fully meet the Landfill Directive’s targets additionally 62 Mt CO2-e savings
• landfill ban of all Municipal Waste: additionally• landfill ban of all Municipal Waste: additionally 78 Mt CO2-e savings
EEA report http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/waste-opportunities-84-past-and
based on ETC/SCP working paper 4/2011http://scp eionet europa eu/wp/2011wp4
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based on ETC/SCP working paper 4/2011http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/wp/2011wp4
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Potential for cutting GHG emissions from municipal wastefrom municipal waste
48
44
627878
Huge potential benefits for climate change mitigation ifmore ambitious waste policies were implemented
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more ambitious waste policies were implemented.
Source: EEA report “Waste opportunities” http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/waste-opportunities-84-past-and12
Why not recycle 100%?Why not recycle 100%?
N l d t i l d d th lit f th t d tNew recycled materials depend on the quality of the sorted waste:
• Materials sometimes too dirty or too contaminated (e.g. nappies),y ( g pp )• Mixed materials (too difficult to sort)• Materials degrade after repeated recycling• Demand necessary for recycled products• Demand necessary for recycled products
If high quality recycling is not possible, the waste should be turned into energy,rather than being landfilled.
Even countries with the highest recycling rates in Europe (e.g. Austria, Belgium, Germany and Netherlands depend on WtE to treat remaining waste not suitable for recycling.
Waste-to-Energy Contributing to Resource Efficiency
R li WtE b tt hRecycling WtE bottom ashes:
• Ferrous and non-ferrous metals canFerrous and non ferrous metals can be extracted and recycled into new products, e.g. aluminium castings for th t ti i d tthe automotive industry.
• Minerals can be used as secondary• Minerals can be used as secondary aggregates, e.g. in road construction or in building products.
WtE Plants contribute to achieving a recycling society and to improving Europe’s resource efficiency, byusing unavoidable waste as a valuable resource whereverusing unavoidable waste as a valuable resource wherever possible.
European List of Waste (ELoW)
ELoW under reviewBottom ash has mirror entry*-> can be hazardous if containing certain Hazardous
Properties HPe.g. H14 ecotox: thresholds to be determinedCEWEP: biological testing not suitable for
h t t h b tt hheterogeneous waste such as bottom ash
CEWEP b tt h l ifi ti d iCEWEP prepares bottom ash classification dossier
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Achieving energy recovery statusfor efficient Waste-to-Energy Plantsfor efficient Waste-to-Energy Plants
W F k Di i A 3(15)Waste Framework Directive, Art. 3(15):‘recovery’ means any operation the principal result of which is waste serving a useful purpose by replacing other materials which wouldserving a useful purpose by replacing other materials which would otherwise have been used to fulfill a particular function, or waste being prepared to fulfill that function, in the plant or in the wider economy.Annex II sets out a non-exhaustive list of recovery operations;
A II R 1 ‘U i i ll f l th t t ’Annex II R 1 ‘Use principally as a fuel or other means to generate energy’This includes incineration facilities dedicated to the processing of municipal solid waste only where their energy efficiency is equalmunicipal solid waste only where their energy efficiency is equalto or above:
0.60 for plants permitted before 1.1.20090.65 for plants permitted after 31.12.2008
R1 formulaR1 formula
Ep (Ef + Ei)Ep – (Ef + Ei)R1-factor = 0.97 * (Ew + Ef)
Impacts of ‘R1 energy recovery status’
Waste hierarchy: • Efficient WtE plants are higher up the hierarchy than
landfilling.
• Level playing field with co-incinerating industry (e.g. cement kilns) which was already considered as ‘energycement kilns) which was already considered as energy recovery’ (European Court of Justice).
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Impacts of ‘R1 energy recovery status’
P bli t b ildi fPublic acceptance – building awareness of energy recovery from waste through the improvement of energy efficiencyenergy efficiency
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Impacts of ‘R1 energy recovery status’
‘R1 Energy Recovery Status’ provides incentives gy y p to improve energy efficiency replacing more fossil fuels replacing more fossil fuels serving climate protection and security of energy supply being less dependent on imports of fossil fuels
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Climate Impacts on ‘R1 energy recovery status’
However, R1-formula favours heat productionSouthern European countries are at disadvantagep gClimate Correction Factor to be discussed 3 options:3 options:• 1) zero option (no climate factor) • 2) wider climate correction factor compensating also a• 2) wider climate correction factor compensating also a
lack of demand for heat produced by the Waste-to-Energy PlantsEnergy Plants
• 3) climate correction factor restricted to compensating the lower efficiency of turbines in warmer climate.y
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Policies for maximisation of Sustainable Energy production from Waste
Speed up ‘R1 Energy Recovery Status’ technical improvements and innovationp
Maximize electricity production from waste; Electricity grid access
Improving infrastructure for district heating and cooling
Locating new plants close to energy consumers or attracting consumers (e.g. industry) to existing plants
Diverting waste from landfills to Recycling & WtE
Sustainable waste managementSustainable waste management
In order to achieve sustainable waste management, g ,recyclable and recoverable waste should be
diverted from landfills,diverted from landfills,
• recycled as much as suitable with the y
• remaining waste used to ggenerate energy!
Sustainable Energy from WtElow-hanging fruits
Enough to supply70m inhabitants.
196 TWh
100 TWh
134 TWh
Includes both renewable and fossil components.
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1 TWh is equal to 1 billion kWh.
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Local Energy from Local WasteLocal Energy, from Local Waste
Waste-to-Energy Plants de-centralised energy facilities, gy ,creating - reliablereliable, - cost-effective,
local energy- local energy
from citizens’ waste.
Garstad Waste-to-Energy plant, Sweden
Cologne cathedralCologne cathedral illuminated by the city’s wastewaste
The symbol of the city of Cologne –it th d l thits cathedral the “Kölner Dom” - is illuminated at nightilluminated at night using energy generated from the gcity’s
Waste-to-EnergyWaste to Energy Plant AVG Kölnwww.avgkoeln.de/
Energy from Waste:
power for public transport in Amsterdam
Electricity generated by the AEB Waste-to-Energy plant y gy
Helps provide green certified power for the tram, metro and city.
50% of Paris50% of Paris, including the famous Louvre museum, ,is heated by 3 Waste-to-Energy Plants
Waste-to-EnergyHelping to keep
St Ouenhttp://www.tiru.fr/spip.php?article100e p g to eep
the Mona Lisa … smiling
Issy-les-Moulineauxhttp://www.syctom-isseane.com/ andsmilingIvry/Seinehttp://www.syctom-paris fr/edi/comm/comm/ivry/presentatioparis.fr/edi/comm/comm/ivry/presentation.htm
For more information on Waste to Energy:
CEWEPConfederation of European Waste-to-Energy PlantsBoulevard Clovis 12A, B 1000 BrusselsB-1000 Brussels
Tel. +32 2 770 63 11 Fax +32 2 770 68 14
ella.stengler@cewep.eu www.cewep.eu