Post on 06-Apr-2018
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Bone and Soft
Tissue Sarcomas
Resident EducationLecture Series
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Pediatric Bone Tumors
Benign Osteochondroma
Osteoid Osteoma Enchondroma
Chondroblastoma
Non-ossifying fibromaakabenign cortical defect
Hemangioma
Eosinophilic granuloma
Osteomyelitis
Malignant Osteosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma Malignant fibrous
histiocytoma
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Eosinophilic granuloma
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Malignant bone tumors
Rare
6% of all childhood malignancies Annual US Incidence in children < 20 yrs
8.7 per million ~ 650 to 700 children/year
For perspective, Annual US Incidence Overall 4697 per million Lung 610 per million Breast 633 per million
Most often occur in young patients < 25 yrs Most common bone tumors will focus on these
Osteosarcoma 56%
Ewing sarcoma 34%
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Osteosarcoma (OS)
Primary malignant tumor of bone
Derived from primitive bone forming
mesenchyme
Malignant spindle cells produce immatureneoplastic bone matrix osteoid
Can look heterogeneous under the microscope
Cell of origin?
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Cell of origin may be mesenchymal stem cell
Osteoblastic FibroblasticChondroblastic
Telangiectatic
Small Cell
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Histologic subtype (WHO) OS
Central (medullary)tumors Conventional OS
(87%) Osteoblastic 50%
Chondroblastic 25%
Fibroblastic 25%
Telangiectatic (3%) Small cell
Intraosseous well-differentiated (1%)
Multifocal
Surface tumors
Parosteal (
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Epidemiology OS
Most common during 2nd decade
75% between 10 and 20 yrs
Peak during adolescent growth spurt Taller than average
Occurs earlier in girls
M:F 1.5:1 African-American:Caucasian 1.4:1
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Associations or Risk Factors OS
Ionizing radiation
Hereditary retinoblastoma (Rb mutations)
Li-Fraumeni syndrome (p53 mutations) Rothmund-Thomson syndrome
No environmental risk factors
No consistent cytogenetic abnormality
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Clinical presentation OS
Pain: dull, aching, constant, worse atnight, often attributed to trauma
Average duration of symptoms prior todiagnosis is three months
May or may not have a mass
Diagnosis of pelvic lesions often delayed
20% have detectable metastases atdiagnosis most often (>90%) pulmonary
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Location OS
Most common in longbonesMay have altered gait
or function
90% are metaphysealMay cross growth
plate
Location: #1 distal femur
#2 proximal tibia
#3 proximal humerus
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Diagnostic Workup OS
History and physicalexamination
Laboratory tests: Blood tests: include LDH,
Alkaline phosphataseAlso CBC, liver/kidneyfunction tests
Pathology
Biopsy (open preferred)
Radiologic tests Plain films of involved bone
MRI of entireinvolved bone
Whole body Bone Scan
CXR and CT of Chest
PET scan (in future)
Pre-therapy evaluation alsoincludes Audiogram,echocardiogram,GFR/creatinine clearance
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Radiographs OS
Usually blastic
May be lytic or mixed
bone destruction andproduction
Poorly marginated
Cortical destruction Soft tissue
ossification
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Prognostic Factors OS
Tumor Grade & Histology Parosteal favorable; telangiectatic unfavorable
Disease Extentmetastatic disease unfavorable
Tumor Size / Site axial skeletal primaries unfavorable
Age < 10 yrs unfavorable
Response of the primary tumor to pre-operativechemotherapy: very powerful predictor > 80-90% necrosis favorable
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Treatment: Multimodal OS
Surgerycontrol of bulk disease
Chemotherapycontrol of micrometastases
RadiationTumors not very radiosensitive, so this usually
reserved for palliation
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Treatment: Surgery OS
Removal of all gross tumor with wide (>5cm)margins en blocand biopsy site through normaltissue planes is required
Type of surgical procedure depends on tumorlocation, size, extramedullary extent, presenceof distant metastatic disease, age, skeletaldevelopment, and life-style preference limb-sparing
amputation
Metastatic sites mustalso be resected
If/when relapse occurs, retrieval therapy must
include resection
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Surgery alone 15-25% 5 year survival
Recurrence with local and (50%) metastatic
disease within 6 months of resection
With multiagent chemotherapy 55-68%
No difference between adjuvant orneoadjuvant chemotherapy
Those with >90% tumor necrosis andcomplete resection 80-85%
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Treatment: Chemotherapy OS
Bulky disease is considered somewhatchemotherapy resistant
Subclinical metastases are sensitive to
chemotherapy Most active agents include
adriamycin, cisplatinum, high-dose methotrexate,ifosfamide, etoposide
Best # and schedule of chemotherapy unclear Role of intensification after local control unclear
Immune modulators under study
Role of adjuvant chemotherapy after
thoracotomy for recurrent disease unclear
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Outcomes OS
60-68% of patients with nonmetastaticosteosarcoma of the extremity will survive
without recurrence and be cured 20% of patients with metastatic disease
will be cured
Therapy with curative intent is possiblefollowing relapse: 10-20% of thesepatients may achieve long term survival
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Ewing Sarcoma (EWS)
Represents a family of tumors including
Ewing sarcoma of bone
extraosseous Ewing sarcoma and
peripheral neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)of bone or soft tissue
2nd most common bone tumor in children
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Pathology EWS
One of many small round
blue cell tumors seen in
pediatrics
Thought to be of neuralorigin, derived frompost-ganglionicparasympathetic
primordial cells tumor cells synthesize
acetylcholine transferase
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Small, Round, Blue Cell Tumor
Differential Diagnosis Lymphoma/Leukemia
Rhabdomyosarcoma Metastatic Carcinoma
Neuroblastoma
PNET/Ewing Sarcoma
Small Cell Osteosarcoma
Ewing
Tumor withoutdifferentiation
PNET
Tumor withneuraldifferentiation
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Incidence EWS
Occurs most commonly in 2nd decade
80% occur between ages 5 and 25
Most common bone tumor in children < 10 yrs
~110 new cases/year < 15 yrs~200 new cases/year < 20 yrs
M:F 1.3:1 < 10 yrs1.6:1 > 10 yrs
Rare in African-Americans and Asians
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Associations or Risk Factors EWS
???
Consistent cytogenetic abnormality,
t(11;22)(q24;q12) present in 90-95% resultant fusion gene is EWS/FLI-1
Also seen:
t(21;22)(q22;q12) 5-10%
EWS/ERG t(7;22) and t(17;22) the remainder
EWS/ETV1 and EWS/E1AF respectively
t(1;16)(q21;q13)present along with t(11;22)
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Clinical Presentation EWS
Pain & swelling of affected area
May also have systemic symptoms:
Fever Anemia
Weight loss
Elevated WBC & ESR
Mean duration of symptoms 9 months 20-25% present with metastatic disease
Lungs (38%)
Bone (31%)
Bone Marrow (11%)
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Location EWS
central axis (47%):
pelvis, chest wall,
spine, head & neck extremities (53%)
#1 Femur
#2 Ilium
#3 Tibia/Fibula
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Location EWS
Classical presentation is diaphyseal
Actually more common in metadiaphysis or metaphysis
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Diagnostic Work-Up EWS
History and physicalexamination
Laboratory tests:
CBC, liver/kidney functiontests, LDH, ESR
Urinalysis
Pathology
Bone marrow aspirate andbiopsy
Biopsy (open preferred)
Radiologic tests
Plain films of primary site
CT/MRI of primary site
CXR/CT of chest
Whole body bone scan
PET scan (in future)
Pre-therapy evaluation alsoincludes echocardiogram/EKG
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Radiographs EWS
Destructive
Poorly Marginated
Permeative Endosteal Cortical
Erosion
Layered periostealnew bone
Onion skinning
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Radiographs EWS
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Radiology EWS
Large soft tissuemass
MRI necessary todetermine
Soft tissue extent
Intraosseous extent
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Prognostic factors EWS
Extent of diseaseMetastatic disease unfavorable
Size of disease ???
Primary site Pelvis least favorable
Distal bones and ribs most favorable
Age Younger (
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Treatment EWS
Multidisciplinary approach must provideboth local control and systemic therapy
Local control measures should notcompromise systemic therapy
When treatment fails, it is usually due to the
development of distant metastatic disease
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Treatment: Multimodal EWS
Surgery local control where possible
Radiation local control where surgery not possible or
incomplete
Chemotherapycontrol of micrometastases
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Treatment: Local Control EWS
Surgery and/or Radiation therapy
No randomized studies comparing surgery to
radiation therapy slightly more local recurrence when radiation used for
local control
current suggestion for surgery where possible without
loss of function and without mutilation Combination therapy if incomplete resection
Radiation doses usually 4500 5500 cGy
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Surgical Indications EWS
Expendable bone (fibula, rib, clavicle)
Bone defect able to be reconstructed with
modest loss of function May consider amputation if considerable
growth remaining
Trend toward improved outcomes withchemo + surgery vs. XRT
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Radiation therapy Indications EWS
Unresectable without significant morbidity
Pelvic lesions
Spine lesions
Lung metastases
May consider chemo + XRT to allow for surgicalresection or add XRT if surgical margins positive
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Treatment: Chemotherapy EWS
All patients require chemotherapy
Active agents include
Vincristine, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin,dactinomycin,ifosfamide, etoposide, topotecan, melphalan
Effective chemotherapy has improved local
control rates achieved with radiation to 85-90% Role of SCT for high risk Ewing sarcoma still
under investigation
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Outcomes EWS
Local Rx only >80% distant failure
Combination chemotherapy + local control 55-75% EFSlocalized tumors
20-30% EFSmetastases present at diagnosis
Patients with spine or paravertebral disease have aslightly worse prognosis overall, as well as a higherrate of local failure and tumor recurrence
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Bone tumors:
Compare & Contrast
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Soft Tissue
Sarcomas
Rhabdomyosarcoma
MOST COMMON
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Staging Work-Up
What are we looking for? CT/MRI (primary)
Helpful to delineate softtissue planes; pre-surgicalevaluation
CT (chest) Look for metastatic disease
in the lungs (common siteof metastases)
CT (body) Look for lymph nodeinvolvement
Bone Scan Look for metastases to
bone
CT/PET May give helpful
information about tumoractivity and response totherapy
Bone Marrow Evaluation Look for metastatic disease
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RhabdomyosarcomaMalignant tumor of mesenchymal origin,
generally in cells of skeletal muscle
lineageSmall, round, blue cell tumorTwo main histological types:
embryonal and alveolarAbout 20% are undifferentiated or have
other histological subtypes
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Incidence and Etiology 250 US cases/yr;
most
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Clinical PresentationDetected by mass appearance or
functional disturbance
systemic symptoms are Rare
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Diagnostic Workup/StagingH & P
Imaging studies of affected area and to
determine mets; used as baseline data Tumor biopsy is necessary for diagnosis
Formal staging to determine risk group acombination ofTNM system, classified per tumor histology
IRS Clinical Group Stage System
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Prognostic IndicatorsHistologic subtype
Stage & Group
Site often related to size, potential formetastases
In general- Better outcome with earlyresponse to treatment
For Localizedtumors: older age, regionallymph node involvement, and bony erosionare associated with worse prognosis
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Treatment and PrognosisTreatment multimodal - per protocol
Surgery: resection where feasible;
second surgery if residual disease afterfirst surgery
Shift from more radical procedures to
function-sparing procedures, withsupport of Chemotherapy and Radiation
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Treatment and Prognosis, contd
Radiation therapy (RT): rhabdo initiallythought to be radio-insensitive, but with
increased doses RT shown to be helpful RT to all except completely resected Stage I
patients; hyperfractionated vs conventionaltreatment; dose reduction for selected
patients under study Emergency RT for SC compression, IC
meningeal extension
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Treatment and Prognosis, contd
Chemotherapy for all
Prognosis:
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From ABP
Certifying Exam Content Outline Know that the presenting symptom of
osteosarcoma is usually bone pain or swelling
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Credits
Anne Warwick MD MPH