Post on 26-Dec-2015
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NETWORK CABLING
Chapter 2
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TOPOLOGIES
There are three main local area network (LAN) topologies: Bus
Star
Ring
Other network topologies include: Mesh
Wireless
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BUS TOPOLOGY
The bus topology supports thick and thin coaxial segments.
Segments are connected by repeaters.
The bus topology uses the baseband signaling method.
Signals are broadcast in both directions simultaneously.
Both ends of each segment require termination to avoid reflection.
End systems connect to the segment in a linear manner.
Bus Topology Bus Topology Failure
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THICK AND THIN COAXIAL BUS
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STAR TOPOLOGY
The star topology can use coaxial, twisted pair, or fiber optic cable.
A central device (hub) connects hubs and nodes to the network. Each node connects to its own dedicated port on
the hub.
Hubs broadcast transmitted signals to all connected devices.
You can connect multiple hubs to form a hierarchical star topology.
The star topology uses the baseband signaling method.
Star Topology
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A SIMPLE STAR TOPOLOGY
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A HIERARCHICAL STAR TOPOLOGY
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RING TOPOLOGY
The ring topology can use twisted pair or fiber optic cabling.
A central device (hub) connects hubs and nodes to the network. Each node connects to its own dedicated port on the
hub.
You can connect multiple hubs to form a larger ring.
The ring topology uses the baseband signaling method.
Frames are transmitted around the ring from node to hub to node.
Media Access Control (MAC) is used for token passing.
Ring Topology Ring Topology Failure
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A RING NETWORK
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MESH TOPOLOGY
Typically uses fiber optic cabling for redundant wide area network (WAN) links
Provides multiple paths to destinations for fault tolerance
Supports baseband and broadband signals
Requires an enormous amount of cable
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LAN MESH
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ENTERPRISE MESH
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WIRELESS TOPOLOGY
Cell-based technology that uses unbounded media
Two wireless topologies: Ad hoc
Infrastructure
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AD HOC WLAN
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INFRASTRUCTURE WLAN
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CABLING STANDARDS
Three organizations developed the T568-B cabling standards document: American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
Cabling standards include Performance levels Topologies Segment distance limitations Connectors Pinouts Installation guidelines
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LAN CABLE TYPES
Three cable types are used in LANs: Coaxial
Twisted pair
Fiber optic
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COAXIAL CABLE
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COAXIAL CABLEThin Ethernet
RG-8 RG-58
Application Thick Ethernet
AKA 10Base5
Thin Ethernet
AKA 10Base2
Thickness 0.405 inch 0.195 inch
Connector Type
N BNC with a T-fitting
Max cable length Segment
500 meter 200 meters (Actually 185)
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AUI (ATTACHMENT UNIT INTERFACE) CABLE
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THIN ETHERNET HARDWARE
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UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP) CABLE
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UTP CONNECTORS
RJ-45 Connector
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UTP CABLE GRADES
Category Frequency Primary Application
1 Up to 0 MHz Voice networks
2 Up to 1 MHz Voice and low-speed data networks less than 4 Mbps
3 Up to 16 MHz Voice and data networks from 4 to 100 Mbps
4 Up to 20 MHz 16-Mbps Token Ring
5 Up to 100 MHz 100-Mbps Fast Ethernet
5e Up to 100 MHz 1000-Mbps Gigabit Ethernet
6 Up to 250 MHz 1000-Mbps Gigabit Ethernet
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FIBER OPTIC CABLE
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STRAIGHT TIP (ST) CONNECTOR
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SUBSCRIBER CONNECTOR (SC)
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PULLING CABLE
Two methods for pulling cable in LANs:
External installation
Internal installation
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EXTERNAL INSTALLATION PROCESS
To successfully perform an external installation:
1. Identify the locations for computers and hubs.
2. Plan the cabling route.
3. Measure the route and leave some slack.
4. Buy prefabricated cables.
5. Lay cables out loosely without connecting or securing them.
6. Secure cables and avoid kinks.
7. Plug in the cables and turn on the hub or switch.
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A SIMPLE EXTERNAL INSTALLATION
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SECURING EXTERNAL CABLES
Secure and protect cabling by
Installing rubber cable protectors
Stapling cables to walls and doorways
Tying cables in place with plastic or fabric ties
Installing a raceway
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RUBBER CABLE PROTECTOR
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CABLE STAPLING
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CABLE TIES
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RACEWAY
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INTERNAL INSTALLATION COMPONENTS
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INTERNAL INSTALLATION PROCESS
To successfully perform an internal installation:
1. Identify the locations for network devices, hub, and patch panels.
2. Plan the cabling route.
3. Label bulk cable runs, starting at the patch panel.
4. Pull cabling to the destination wall plate.
5. Secure cabling along the route.
6. Label cables at terminating wall plates.
7. Attach cabling connectors.
8. Connect cabling to network devices, hubs, and patch panels.
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CABLE PULLING TOOLS
Professional tools used to pull cable include
Cable puller
Telepole
Fish tape
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CABLE PULLERS
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TELEPOLE
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FISH TAPE
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STRAIGHT THROUGH AND CROSSOVER WIRING
Wiring within a twisted pair cable is configured as either
Straight through, where each wire (or pin) is attached to the same contact point at each end
Crossover, where transmit contacts on each end of the cable are connected to the receive contact at the other end
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STRAIGHT THROUGH WIRING
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CROSSOVER WIRING
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INTERNAL CABLING
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PATCH PANEL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
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THE PUNCH DOWN PROCESS
To punch down wiring:
1. Strip some of the insulating sheath off the cable end to expose the wires.
2. Separate the twisted-pair wires.
3. Strip a small amount of insulation off each wire.
4. Insert the wires into the contact points within the jack.
5. Press the bare wire down between the metal contacts.
6. Cut off excess wire.
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PUNCH DOWN WIRING
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SUMMARY
The three basic LAN topologies are bus, star, and ring. WLANs are becoming more popular. Mesh networks are not typically used in LANs.
The primary cable types used in LANs are coaxial, twisted pair, and fiber optic.
External installations are best suited for small networks using prefabricated cable.
Internal installations are best suited for large networks using bulk cable, wall plates, patch panels, and hubs.
Professional cabling tools, such as telepoles, fish tape, cable pullers, punch down tools, and crimpers make complex installation projects easier.