Post on 26-Dec-2015
11
Heart Anatomy and the Function of the Cardiovascular System
Blood Vessels and Circulation
Regulation of the Heart
Heart Diseases & Disorders
The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.1
Heart Anatomy and the Function of the
Cardiovascular System
Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
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• thoracic cavity• above diaphragm; between lungs• size of a clenched fist• weighs 8–12 ounces
The Heart: Location and Size
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The Heart: Location and Size
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• right atrium• right ventricle• left atrium• left ventricle
The Four Chambers of the Heart
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• atrioventricular (AV) valves– tricuspid– bicuspid (mitral)
• semilunar valves– pulmonary– aortic
The Heart Valves
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• (1) deoxygenated blood flows from the body to the inferior and superior vena cavae to right atrium
• (2) right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve to right ventricle
• (3) right ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the pulmonary valve, to the pulmonary artery
• (4) blood exits to the lungs
Blood Flow through the Heart
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• (5) oxygenated blood from lungs travels through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
• (6) left atrium contracts, forcing blood through the mitral valve to the left ventricle
• (7) left ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the aortic valve
• (8) blood passes to the aorta• (9) blood travels out to parts of the body
Blood Flow through the Heart (continued)
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Blood Flow through the Heart
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• epicardium– outermost layer
• myocardium– middle layer
• endocardium– inner layer
Walls of the Heart
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• diastole– ventricle relax, atria contract
• systole– ventricles contract, atria relax
• mean arterial pressure– overall pressure within cardiovascular system
Cardiac Cycle
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• amount of blood pumped by heart in 1 minute measured in liters/minute
• stroke volume– amount of blood pumped in 1 beat
• heart rate– number of beats per minute
Cardiac Output
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• Sinoatrial (SA) node– Pacemaker; sends electrical impulse– tells heart to beat 60–100 bpm
Internal Control of the Heart
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• cardiac center– sympathetic nerve system speeds up– parasympathetic nerve system slows down
• endocrine system– some hormones speed up
External Control of the Heart
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• SA node• AV node• bundle of His• bundle branches–
right and left• Purkinje fibers
The Conduction System
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• ECG or EKG– electrical activity of the heart– depolarize–contract– repolarize–relax
Electrocardiogram
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• normal contractility condition– sinus rhythm
– arrhythmia• ventricle or atria contraction is
abnormal
Cardiac Arrhythmias
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• bradycardia– slow heart beat
• tachycardia– fast heart beat
• premature atrial contraction (PACs)– atria contracts before
SA node
Cardiac Arrhythmias
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• automatic external defibrillator (AED)– electric shock, stops heart– allows heart to start normal rhythm – anyone can use one
Defibrillators and Life-Threatening Arrhythmias
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Fill in the blanks with: Tachycardia, Atrial fibrillation, Bradycardia, or Defibrillator.
1. _______________ is fast heart beat.
2. _______________ is slow heart beat.
3. _______________ is atria beating more than 350 bpm.
4. A(n) _______________ stops the heart so it can reset.
Review and Assessment
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• Vasoconstriction vs. vasodilation
Blood Vessels: The Transport Network
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Differences between Arteries and Veins
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• exchange vessels– gas moves between tissue and blood
• capillary bed– network of exchange vessels
Capillaries
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• cardiopulmonary circulation– between heart and lungs
• systemic circulation– between heart and body
Circulation: Moving Blood around the Body
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Circulation: Moving Blood around Body
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• coronary arteries– left – right
• coronary sinus
Cardiac Circulation
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• taking your pulse– find radial, carotid or brachial artery – count beats for 15 seconds, multiply by 4
• measuring blood pressure– stethoscope, sphygmomanometer– systolic/diastolic pressure
Taking Vital Signs
Joseph Dilag/Shutterstock.com, Ilya Andriyanov/Shutterstock.com
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• weight– body mass index–weight to height
• blood pressure– systolic/diastolic–110/70 mmHg
• cholesterol– LDLs and HDLs
Know Your Numbers
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• heart murmurs– valves do not close properly
• valvular stenosis– narrowed, stiff heart valve
• mitral valve prolapse– mitral valve does not fully close
• palpitations
Valve Abnormalities
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• pericarditis– inflammation of heart sac
• myocarditis– “ “ heart muscle
• endocarditis– “ “ heart lining and valves
Diseases Ending in -itis
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• heart cannot pump blood• fluid backs up in
– Lungs, liver, limbs, GI tract
Heart Failure
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• aneurysms– weakened artery bulges,
may break
• coronary artery disease– atherosclerosis– angina pectoris– ischemia
Diseases of the Arteries
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• myocardial infarction– plaque blocks a cardiac artery
• treatment– aspirin as soon as symptoms appear– 20–60 minute window for treatment
Heart Attack
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• hypertension– blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg
• peripheral vascular disease– lack of circulation in legs
• stroke– blockage of brain blood flow
• ischemic stroke• hemorrhagic stroke• transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Heart Disease
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True or False?
1. Hypertension is 120/80 mmHg.
2. Aspirin helps in a heart attack.
3. An aneurysm is a weakened artery.
4. Myocarditis affects the heart wall.
5. In a heart murmur the valves do not close properly.
Review and Assessment