Post on 12-Jan-2016
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Women’s StudiesWomen’s Studies
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Women’s StudiesWomen’s Studies First Wave Feminism
Mary Wollstonecraft’s (1792) A Vindication of the Rights of Women is one of the first written works to be called feminist
Suffragette Movement
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Women’s StudiesWomen’s Studies First Wave Feminism
Mary Wollstonecraft’s (1792) A Vindication of the Rights of Women is one of the first written works to be called feminist
Suffragette Movement The World Wars
Nontraditional jobs Women’s professional sports
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Backlash!Backlash!
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Women’s StudiesWomen’s Studies Second Wave Feminism
Fighting for full equality Fighting for control over own body More powerful in regards to voting,
financial issues, education and power
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What is feminism?What is feminism? Feminism is:
A belief in equality for all people Men’s and women’s positions in society
are based on social institutions and social attitudes
Because of these structural inequalities, feminists believe in transforming society on behalf of women
Women’s experiences, concerns, and ideas are as valuable as men’s
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Research Methods in the Research Methods in the Social SciencesSocial Sciences
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Scientific MethodScientific Method
Best way yet discovered for separating truth from untruth
Check your book for steps in the scientific method
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Types of ResearchTypes of Research Basic research
Seeking knowledge for the sake of knowledge
Applied research Seeking solutions to practical problems
Program evaluation Does a social program work?
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Research MethodsResearch Methods
Nonexperimental Methods: Archival research Naturalistic
observation Surveys Case studies Correlational research
Experimental Method
Advantages Describe and
predict behavior Useful when ethical
considerations prevent true experimentation
Causality
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Nonexperimental MethodsNonexperimental Methods Archival research
Comb existing records to test a hypothesis Naturalistic observation
Observe a naturally occurring behavior Survey research
A sample from a population are asked questions about behavior, attitudes, or thoughts
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Nonexperimental MethodsNonexperimental Methods Case Studies
Intensive investigation of an individual or a small group of people
Correlational Research Relationships between two factors are
investigated
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Correlational ResearchCorrelational Research
Strength of a relationship is represented by a mathematical score Ranges from +1.0 to -1.0 Absolute value signifies strength of
relationship Sign signifies nature of the relationship
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Correlational ResearchCorrelational Research
Strength of a relationship is represented by a mathematical score +1.0+1.0 – Perfect positivepositive correlation
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Correlational ResearchCorrelational Research
Strength of a relationship is represented by a mathematical score +1.0+1.0 – Perfect positivepositive correlation -1.0-1.0 – Perfect negativenegative correlation
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Correlational ResearchCorrelational Research
Strength of a relationship is represented by a mathematical score +1.0+1.0 – Perfect positivepositive correlation -1.0-1.0 – Perfect negativenegative correlation 0.00.0 – NoNo correlation = NoNo relationship!
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Correlational ResearchCorrelational Research
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Correlational ResearchCorrelational Research
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Interpreting CorrelationsInterpreting Correlations
A large-scale study of contraceptive use in Taiwan found that people who had more electrical appliances in their homes were more likely to use birth control.
Does this mean that toasters Does this mean that toasters cause people to use birth cause people to use birth control?control?
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Interpreting CorrelationsInterpreting Correlations
Correlation Correlation ≠≠ Causation! Causation!
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Interpreting CorrelationsInterpreting Correlations
When we find a correlation between two variables A and B, there are three possible explanations: Change in A may cause change in B Change in B may cause change in A Change in C may cause change in both A
and B
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Interpreting CorrelationsInterpreting Correlations
A college professor notices that the farther students sit toward the back of the room, the worse their grades in the course seem to be.
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Interpreting CorrelationsInterpreting Correlations
A survey of adolescents being treated for eating disorders noted that those who watched the most TV during the week tended to get the lowest ratings on a measure of general health.
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Interpreting CorrelationsInterpreting Correlations
Correlations allow us to describe relationships Describes how two variables change
together, on average, in a large group of individuals
Correlations allow us to predict Stronger correlations allow for stronger
predictions Predictions are never perfect!
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Experimental ResearchExperimental Research Investigates causalcausal relationships
between factors Deliberately induce change in one factor
and observe the effect that change has on other factors
Variable: Event or behavior that can assume at
least two values
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Experimental ResearchExperimental Research Independent variable (IV)
The variable the experimenter manipulates
Physiological Experience Environmental Participant characteristics are often treated as
IVs
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Experimental ResearchExperimental Research Dependent Variable (DV)
The variable that is measured Can be measured lots of ways:
Number correct Frequency Amount Duration
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Manipulation, Comparison,Manipulation, Comparison,and Controland Control
IV DV
ManipulateManipulate
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Manipulation, Comparison, Manipulation, Comparison, and Controland Control
IV DV
CompareCompare
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Manipulation, Comparison, Manipulation, Comparison, and Controland Control
IV DV
ControlControl
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Manipulation, Comparison, Manipulation, Comparison, and Controland Control
IV DV
ControlControl
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Random AssignmentRandom Assignment
Individuals have an equal chance of being in the treatment condition as in the control condition
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The Beauty of Random The Beauty of Random AssignmentAssignment
Allows the experimenter to assume the groups are roughly equivalent prior to administering the IV Any external factors that might influence
an experiment should be distributed equally in both the treatment and control groups
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The Beauty of Random The Beauty of Random AssignmentAssignment
Groups may differ in an important way just by chance Statistical procedures tell us likelihood
that results are meaningful
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Key Elements of True Key Elements of True ExperimentsExperiments
An independent variable A dependent variable Random assignment of subjects to
different levels of the IV A concrete hypothesis of how the IV
should affect the DV
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Cumulative Nature of Cumulative Nature of ScienceScience
An experiment or nonexperimental study can answer only a few, very specific questions
Our confidence in scientific findings increasesincreases as: Results are replicated Findings from related studies converge
on the same conclusion