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Site Work

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Major Topics

Site Plans Earthwork Soil Foundations and Piles Paving and Surfacing Materials

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Site Plans Include:

All information shown on a survey Changes in topography or grade Demolition of existing construction Exact location of new construction

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Surveys

Legal description of a piece of land Typically done by a registered land

surveyor Surveys include the boundaries

and elevations of land plots and buildings (in text and drawings)

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Topography or Grade

Contour lines show elevation Closer the contour lines are

together- the steeper the slope This information is critical in

determining how much earth must be moved to prepare site for structure being built

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Earthwork

Involves some type of cut or fill This phase of site work is referred

to as “rough grading” Soil testing is usually performed

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Soil Testing

Identify the materials on the site Determine

Soil density Moisture Content Load-bearing capacity Shear Strength Plasticity index Analyze the gain size of soil particles

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Soil Types

Division Description Value as a foundation material

Gravel and Gravelly Soils

Well-graded;

Gravel-sand mixtures; little or no fines

Excellent to good

Sand and Sandy Soils

Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures

Fair

Silts and Clays Organic silt-clay of low plasticity

Poor to very poor

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Primary Soil Considerations: Dewatering-

Critical in sub-surface foundations (basement –earth sheltered)

Open-drain (French) & gravel used to lead water away

Pumps may also be used to remove excess water

Compaction – critical !! - to prevent uneven load settlement

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Soil Considerations con’t:

Stabilization – use various additives to adjust the properties of soil

Poisoning- used to control termites * Note: certain chemicals are no longer used due to environmental concerns

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Foundations and Piles Foundation

Any part of the building that is below the surface of the ground

Provides stability to the entire structure Type of foundation used is determined

by: Soil present at site Total load must be determined (live &

dead loads) Local building codes must be referenced

to determine allowable type & bearing pressure

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3 Parts of Foundation:

Bed – the rock or soil the foundation rests upon

Footing – wide section of foundation resting on bed

Wall – rises from footing to above the ground (may also be a column or pedestal)

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Common Types of Residential Foundations :

Continuous Composed of a foundation wall & footing

slab Size of footing & thickness of wall

determined by building codes Grade-Beam

Composed of reinforced concrete beam around perimeter which is supported by concrete piers

Often used on sloping sites

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Others Foundations: Spread

Distribute the load so the load per sq. ft. will not exceed the bearing capacity of soil

May be flat, stepped, or sloped in design Mat

Heavily reinforced concrete slab under entire building

Sometimes called a “floating foundation” Caissons

Used when rock or suitable soil is deep below the surface

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Piles

Slender structural unit which transmits loads underground

Types include Wood (Venice) Structural Steel H Pre-cast Concrete Cast-in-place Concrete Composite (combines wood &

concrete)

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Paving & Surfacing

Different materials are used to perform each Paving – uses concrete, stone, or

brick Surfacing – uses flexible and

water-bound surfaces

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Asphalt Is a dark-brown to black, solid or semi-

solid, mainly composed of Bitumens (a tarry mixture of hydrocarbons) Bitumens also used in:

Water proofing coatings Sheet Water proofing Damp proofing below grade

Asphalt moves into a liquid state when heated

Coal Tar Pitch – greater water resistance than asphalt, good adhesive properties, unlike asphalt - contains very little bitumen