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Physical Development in Infants and Toddlers

Changes in Body Size2

Body grows more rapidly Growth occurs in small spurts

Length 50% greater at age 1 75% greater at age 2

Weight Doubled by 5 months Tripled by 1 year Quadrupled at 2 years

Body weight

Changes in body weight is more dramatic New born 2.7 – 3.6 kg. 5 mths body weight 2 x weight at birth) 1 year old 3 x 2 year old 4 x

2-3 yr. old rapid change in weight (spurt)After 3 yr. old slower rateThe first 6 mths changes focused > on muscle growth.6-12 mths dev. focused > on movement2 yrs – pre puberty body weight increase 2.5 kg per yearGirls slightly shorter and lighterEthnic differences 3

Height4

Child of same age may differ in height.Baby length increase 30% until 5 mths oldBy age 1 yr length increase to 50% & 5

years old height doubles/triples 2 yrs old - puberty height increase 2-3 in.

per year.Adolescent sudden changes in height &

weight (growth spurt)

Body Fat/Appearance5

Subcutaneous fat begin to form in the fetus about 6 weeks before birth.

First 9 mths Sub. Fat continue to accumulate rapidly making baby look rounded & filled up.

Gain “baby fat” until about 9 months After 9 mth, fat accumulation slows down.

1 yr old – middle childhood less fat accumulation Toddlers become more slender (slimmer)

Muscle tone increaseHelps maintain constant temp.Muscle tissue increases slowly Peaks in adolescenceGirls= more fat than boys

Body fat and muscle contributes to the physical development and body structure:

Ectomorph small/tall, slim, skinny

Endomorph flabby, obese

Mesomorph tough, musculine

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Head circumference7

Baby Brain mass of a newborn about 2/3 of adult

size Head circ. of a new born 30-38 cm 6 mths old baby 42.5 cm

Head circ/size increase parallel to brain development.

Newborn head bigger than body size due to rapid brain development during pre natal period.

5 yrs. Old brain weigh about 90% of adult brain.6 yrs. old brain equivalent to adult weight.

What is brain?

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Body most vital organ.Each person is born with over 100 billions

brain cells (neurons).Brains can send signals to thousands of

other cells in the body at speed of more than 200 m/hr

Brain growth before & after birth is fundamental to future development.

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Each part of the brain is very important in infuencing a child development integration between child emotions and behavior.

Middle brain: Limbic System• Covers motivation, emotions, &

long term memory, aggressive behavior, body temperature, hunger, nerve system activities, hormon secretion

Outer Brain: Cortex & neocortex

• Divided into lobes/sections (folds) with specific functions.

• Placement of ‘intelligence’ & higer mental process, learning, memory, thinking, language (last to develop)

• Also control vision, hearing, inventing.

Brain stem

Contro process such as breathing, heartbeat muscle movement, kidney process, reflex behavior, sleep, arousal, attention, balance/movement etc.

…BRAIN

1 organ with 3 mini brains:

Brainstem (inner core)Breathing, heartbeat muscle movement, reflex behavior

Limbic systemCovers the brainstemMotivation, emotions, & long term memory

Cerebellum – control automatic movements & balance

Cerebral cortexHigher mental process.Learning, memory, Thinking, Language

Last to develop

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Structure of the Brain

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Regions of the Cerebral Cortex Thin layer on the brain’s

surface that include lobes or sections:

Occipital lobe Process vision.

Temporal Lobe Process hearing

Parietal Lobe Process sensory stimuli

Frontal Lobe Critical thinking & problem

solving Frontal cortex area of the

cortex that controls personality and the ability to carry out plans

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...OTAK & NEURON

New born brain 100 billions brain cells (neurons) ready to operate but the brain cells/neurons sre not ‘connected’ yet.

Neurons are cell bodies with nucleas, composed of DNA (which contains the cell’s genetic programming).

As the brain grows the cell migrate to various parts spread out to perform different functions they sprout axons & dendrites.

cells.

Brain and Neurons

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...OTAK & NEURON

First 3 years of life children’s brain are actively building and developing connections between the neurons cells.

Connections are developed when the brain are actively receiving stimulus process between receiving and sending impulses between the cells.

Through axons/dendrites send signals to other neurons & receive incoming message through connection called synapses.

Brain and Neurons

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The message transmission process from one neuron to the other is done through synap with the aid of neurotransmiter – that moves through the gap between axon of one cell and dendrite of another .

The neurons networking developed based on children’s experiences where each experience leads to the development of new brain cells as more informations gain.

With proper stimulation, the synapses become stronger information moves faster.

Thus, enhancing their development is very crutial

…Brain and Neurons

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Synapses is the nervous system connection link ie the connection between nerve cells.

Connections made through the stimulus sending signals to the brain.

The brains define what is it/who we are?

With proper stimulation, the synapses become stronger.

What is synapses?

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Synapses allow nerve cells to communicate with one another through axons and dendrites, converting electrical signals into chemicals ones.

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Skeletal Growth

Skeletal Growth

Embryonic skeleton Soft, pliable tissue (cartilage) Beginning at week 6

At birth babies have soft bones cartilage.

Changes is bones structure:a. Lengthenb. Hardenc. Increase

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a. Lengthened19

Bones become longer, bigger & thicker Bones will stop growing when it harden

(reach maturity)

b. Hardened20

At birth/baby soft bones (cartilage) water content is high.

During the process of ossification, bones harden calcium deposited.

Eg. As baby skulls harden & fuse Fontanel gradually close (about 2 years old).

Ossification occurs before birth and ends when a person reach maturity.

Nutritious food calcium, phosphorous & vitamins helps ossification

c. Increase21

Number of bones increases parallel to its function

Eg. Number of bones in the wrist & ankle increases with age 1 yr. 3 wrist bones; adult 9 wrist bones

Growth of the Skull(Rapid during first 2

years)

At birth Bone of the skull separate These gaps are called fontanels Sutures = seams of the skull

By 2 years Gaps filled in

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Motor Development

Motor Development24

Inborn reflexesMotor skill development

Gross motorFine motor

:Types of motor skill

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Gross motor Fine motor

Development of Locomotion

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Motor DevelopmentGross motor Skill

Large movements Eg. Crawling, Walking, Running, Jumping

Head proceeds arms and trunk Improves dramatically during

preschool years

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Motor Development: Fine motor Skill

The ability to carry out smoothly small movements that involve precise timing but not strength. Smaller movements

e.g. Reaching and grasping Sequence the same Large differences in rate of motor progress

Eg. Reaching, grasping, pinching, writing, drawing Involves the coordination between hand

control and vision (Eye-Hand coordination)Reaching and grasping becomes more coordinated

throughout infancy.Toddlers prefer to use one hand and this

preference becomes stronger during the preschool years.

Voluntary Reaching

Vital role to cognitive development

New ways for exploring environment

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Fine motor skill development30

Steps in fine motor skill development:-

Prereaching (newborn)

Ulnar Grasp (3-4 months)

Changing/passing object from one hand to the other (5-8 mths)

Pincer grasp (9- above)

Reaching and Grasping31

Pre-reaching (0-2 months)Ulnar grasp (3-4 months)Pincer grasp (9 months)

Reaching and Grasping

Prereaching (0-2 months) Uncoordinated, primitive

reaching Palmer grasp (reflex grasp) Hand grasping & movement

without coordination. Often fail to grasp object

successfully may make contact with object but fail to enclose it in their fingers

The grasp reflex should disappear in 2 -3 months 32

Reaching and Grasping33

Ulnar grasp (3-4mth)Clumsy graspFingers close

against the palm

Reaching and Grasping34

Pincer grasp (9 mth)Well-coordinated

graspOppositional use

of the forefinger and thumb

Development of the Eye-Hand Coordination

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Age Fine motor development

1 mth3 mth

1 Yr

Suck fingerReaching object infront of the eye, Ulnar-palmar GraspHold object using thumb & fore finger (pincer)Hold big crayon & scrible left-right

• Fine motor development involves the coordination between eye-hand control.

• Progress in visual development improves child fingers movement control

Early Experience and Reaching36

Trying to push infants beyond their current readiness to handle stimulation can undermine the development of important motor skills.

As infants’ and toddlers’ motor skills develop, their caregivers must devote more energies to protecting them from harm.

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Growth And Nutrition

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Genes interact with environment, i.e. nutrition and living conditions, general health and well-being

Well-fed, well-cared-for children grow taller and heavier than less well nourished and nurtured children

Better medical care, immunization and antibioticsbetter health

Influences on Early Growth

HeredityNutrition

Breast v. Bottle FeedingMalnutrition

Emotional Well-BeingProblems can cause

Failure to Thrive

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Growth And Nutrition 40

Children grow faster during the first years, especially during the first few months.

This rapid growth rate tapers off during the second and third years

Growth And Nutrition 41

Nourishment Breast milk is almost always the best food

for newborns and is recommended for at least the first 12 months

Parents can avoid obesity and cardiac problems in themselves and in their children by adopting a more active lifestyle for the entire family--and to breastfeed their babies

Benefits of Breastfeeding

Correct fat-protein balanceNutritionally completeMore digestibleBetter growthDisease protectionBetter jaw and tooth

developmentEasier transition to solid

food42

Keeping Infants and Toddlers Safe

Safe toys Report unsafe toys

ChildproofingContinuous monitoringCar seat

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Milestone Infant & Toddlers

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Milestones of Motor Development

Birth

Lift headPull self upto stand

Push chestup with arms

Pull up withassistance

Roll from stomach

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16months

Walk wellalone

Remainsitting withoutassistanceonce up

Walk holdingon to furniture

Sit up withoutassistance

Stand wellalone

Stand holdingon to furniture

Walk backward

Seifert; Child & Adolescent Development 4/eFigure 5.A

MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT46

lift head when held at your shoulder lift head and chest when lying on his stomach turn head from side to side when lying on his

stomach follow a moving object or person with his

eyes often hold hands open or loosely fisted grasp rattle when given to her wiggle and kick with arms and legs

By 3 MTHS OLD:

MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT47

hold head steady when sitting with your help

reach for and grasp objects play with his toes help hold the bottle during feeding explore by mouthing and banging objects move toys from one hand to another shake a rattle pull up to a sitting position on her own if

you grasp her hands sit with only a little support sit in a high chair roll over bounce when held in a standing position

By 6 Mths Old:

MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

48 drink from a cup with help feed herself finger food like raisins or bread crumbs grasp small objects by using her thumb and index or

forefinger use his first finger to poke or point put small blocks in and take them out of a container knock two blocks together sit well without support crawl on hands and knees pull himself to stand or take steps holding onto

furniture stand alone momentarily walk with one hand held cooperate with dressing by offering a foot or an arm

By 12 mths old

MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT49

like to pull, push, and dump things pull off hat, socks, and mittens turn pages in a book stack 2 blocks carry a stuffed animal or doll scribble with crayons walk without help run stiffly, with eyes on the ground

By 18 months:

MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT50

drink from a straw feed himself with a spoon help in washing hands put arms in sleeves with help build a tower of

3-4 blocks toss or roll a large ball open cabinets, drawers, boxes operate a mechanical toy bend over to pick up a toy and not fall walk up steps with help take steps backward

By 2 years old:

EARLY & MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

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PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

Physical Development in Early Childhood

Body Growth SlowsShape becomes more streamlined

Skeletal Growth ContinuesNew growth centersLose baby teeth

AsynchroniesBrain, lymph nodes

grow fastest52

Brain Development in Early Childhood

Frontal lobe areas for planning and organization develop

Left hemisphere active Language skills Handedness

Linking areas develop Cerebellum Reticular formation Corpus callosum

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Handedness

Begins as early as 1 year and strengthens

90% are right-handedLeft-handedness not caused

by brain problemsAffected by Experience

Position in uterus Practice

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Influences on Physical Growth and Health

Heredity and Hormones Growth hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Emotional Well-Being Psychosocial dwarfism

SleepNutritionInfectious Disease

ImmunizationChildhood Injuries 55

Helping Young Children Sleep

Regular bed time Early enough for 10-11 hours of sleep

Special pajamasNo TV or computer games before

bedBedtime ritualRespond firmly but gently

to bedtime resistanceNo sleeping medication

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Nutrition in Early Childhood

Appetite becomes unpredictableLike familiar foodsNeed high-quality dietSocial environment

influences food choices Imitate admired people Repeated exposure to foods Emotional climate,

parental pressure Poverty

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Factors Related to Childhood Injuries

Individual DifferencesGenderTemperament

Poverty, low parental education

More children in the homeSocietal conditions

International differences

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Motor Skill Development in Early Childhood

Gross Motor Skills Walking, running smoother Catching, throwing, swinging,

riding

Fine Motor Skills Self-help: dressing, eating Drawing

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Progression of Drawing Skills

Scribbles: during 2nd yearFirst Representational Forms

Label already-made drawings: around age 3

Draw boundaries and people: 3–4 years

More Realistic Drawings: preschool to school age

Early Printing: Ages 3–5

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Development of Children’s Drawing61

Development of Printing in Early Childhood

Up to Age 3

•Scribbles•Varied pencil grips

Around Age 4

•“Drawing print”

Between Ages 4 -

6

•Gradually realize writing stands for language, identify individual letters

•Adult pencil grip by age 5 62

Variations in 3-Year-Olds’ Pencil Grip63

Individual Differences in Motor Skills

Body BuildTaller, longer limbed

better at running and jumping

SexBoys: better at power

and forceGirls: fine motor skills,

balance, foot movement

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Enhancing Early Childhood Motor DevelopmentMastered through everyday

playFormal lessons have little

impactDaily routines support fine

motor developmentProvide appropriate play

space and equipmentPromote fun and positive

attitude65

.

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Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Body Growth in Middle Childhood

Slow, regular patternGirls shorter and lighter until about age 9Lower portion of body growing fastestBones lengthenMuscles very flexibleAll permanent teeth arrive

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Physical Changes and Health68

During middle and late childhood: Growth averages 2-3 inches per year Weight gain averages 5-7 lbs each year “Baby fat” decreases Muscle mass and strength gradually increase Less noticeable is ossification of bones Fine motor skills improve Myelination of CNS increases

Boys have a greater number of muscle cells and are stronger than girls

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Most noticeable physical changes are in head and waist circumference, and leg length in relation to body

By age 10-12, manipulative writing skills show (like adults) and ability to master complex skills.

Girls usually outperform boys in fine motor skills Increased myelination in the central nervous system

enables development of fine motor skills for both male and female elementary school children.

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A major growth spurt occurs at the time of puberty. Usually kids enter puberty between age 8 to 13 years in girls and 10

to 15 years in boys.

Puberty lasts about 2 to 5 years.

This growth spurt is associated with sexual development, which includes the appearance of pubic and underarm hair, the growth and development of sex organs, and in girls, the onset of menstruation.

By the time girls reach age 15 and boys reach age 16 or 17, the growth associated with puberty will have ended for most teens and they will have reached physical maturity.

Middle Childhood Growth Worldwide

Shortest children: South America, Asia, Pacific Islands, parts of Africa

Tallest children: North & central Europe, Australia, Canada, U.S.

Secular trend in industrialized countries toward larger and heavier children

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Brain Development in Middle Childhood

Myelination increases white matter in Frontal lobes Corpus callosum

Children acquire complex abilities

Neurotransmitters and hormones may affect cognition and behavior

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Health, Illness, and Disease

73More children become involved in sports every

year; communities and schools are offering more sports

Sports participation is positive and negative with concerns about pressure to win and exploitation

Middle and late childhood Is usually a time of excellent health Motor vehicle accidents are most common cause

of severe injury – as passenger or pedestrian Cancer is 2nd leading cause of death and the

incidence of childhood cancer is increasing. Most common child cancer is leukemia

Common Health Problems in Middle Childhood

Vision – MyopiaHearing – Otitis media (middle ear infection)MalnutritionObesityBedwettingIllnessesInjuries

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Causes of MyopiaGenetics

Myopic parents Asian heritage

Early biological trauma Low birth weight

Experience Reading & close work Computer use

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Health, Illness, and Disease

76Obesity:

Prevalent in children, mostly ages 6 to 11 Obese 6-year-old has 25% risk of being obese adult Obese 12-year-old has 75% risk of being obese adult Linked to lack of exercise Only 27% of 2-5 yr olds and 13% of 6-9 yr olds have

good diets.Context in which child eats can influence eating habits

and weight Kids who eat with their families are more likely to eat

veggies and low fat foods, and drink fewer sodas than kids who eat alone.

Nutrition Problems in Middle Childhood

Little focus on eatingFewer meals with familyToo few fruits and vegetablesToo many fried foods and soft drinksPoverty and lack of nutritional food

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Causes of Obesity in Middle Childhood

Overweight parentsEarly rapid growth or malnutritionLow SESFamily eating habitsResponse to food cuesLow physical activityTelevision

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Risks for Obese Children

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More likely to be overweight adults

Health risksBlood pressure,

cholesterolRespiratory

problemsDiabetesLiver, gall bladderCancer

Psychological risksFeeling

unattractiveStereotyping and

teasingDepressionProblem

behaviorsEarly puberty and

sexual problems

Illnesses in Middle Childhood

More acute illnesses first two years of school Exposure Still developing immune system

Chronic Diseases - 15–20 percent Asthma Severe illnesses – 2%

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Health, Illness, and Disease81

Today, too much time is spent watching TV, on computers, and playing video games.

Children need more exercise 61% of 9-13 yr. old US children did not participate in

any organized physical activity during their non-school hours.

Low self-esteem, depression, and teasing by peers are common for obese kids, and risk of high blood pressure and cholesterol, pulmonary disease, and type 2 diabetes are increased.

Accidents in Middle Childhood

Most common types: Motor vehicle Bicycle Pedestrian

Prevention Teach safety Model safe behavior Require helmets Watch high-risk children more

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Motor Development in Middle Childhood

Gross Motor Skills Improvements Flexibility Balance Agility Force

Fine Motor Skills Gains Writing Drawing

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Six-Year Old’s Drawing84

Eight-Year Old’s Drawing85

Ten-Year Old’s Drawing86

Individual Differences in Motor Skills

Body buildSexFamily

encouragement, expectations

SESSchool & community

lessons available

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Physical Play Development in Middle Childhood

Child-Organized Games with RulesSportsInvented Games

Video GamesAdult-organized sportsPhysical Education

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Providing Developmentally Appropriate Sports

Build on children’s interests Emphasize enjoyment Let kids contribute

Teach age-appropriate skills Limit practices

Discourage unhealthy competition Focus on personal and team improvement

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Rough and Tumble PlayFriendly chasing and play-

fightingCommon in many

mammals and across cultures

Peaks in middle childhoodBoys do moreMay help establish

dominance hierarchy

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Physical Development Milestone:

Early & Middle Childhood

MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

92By 3 years of age does your child:

- feed himself (with some spilling)- open doors- hold a glass in one hand- hold a crayon well- wash and dry hands by himself- fold paper, if shown how- build a tower of 54 blocks- throw a ball overhead- try to catch a large ball- put on shoes (but not tie laces)- dress herself with help- use the toilet with some help- walk up steps, alternating feet- walk on tiptoes if shown how- walk in a straight line- kick a ball forward- jump with both feet- pedal a tricycle

MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

93By 4 years old:

- feed herself (with little spilling)- try to use a fork- hold a pencil- try to write name- draw with the arm and not small hand movements- draw a circle & a face- try to cut paper with blunt scissors- sometimes unbutton buttons- try to buckle, button, and lace, even though she probably needs help- completely undress herself if wearing clothes with simple fasteners- brush teeth with help- build a tower of 7-9 blocks- put together a simple puzzle of 4-12 pieces- pour from a small pitcher- use the toilet alone- try to skip- catch a bouncing ball- walk downstairs using a handrail and alternating feet- swing, starting by himself and keeping himself going

MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT94

By 5 Years old: hops and skips dresses without help good balance and smoother muscle action Skates rides bicycles and scooter prints simple letters ties shoes

girls small muscle development about 1 year ahead of boys.

MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

95By 6-8 Years old:

skilled at using scissors and small tools shows development of permanent teeth enjoys testing muscle strength and skills has good sense of balance can tie shoelaces enjoys copying designs and shapes, letters and

numbers may have gawky awkward appearance from long arms

& legs throwing at targets, running, jumping rope, tumbling aerobics may be of interest

MOTOR-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

96(Boys 80% adult height; Girls 90% of adult

height) Growth is slower than in preschool years, but

steady. Eating may fluctuate with activity level. Some children have growth spurts in the later stages of middle childhood.

Pre puberty period Body changes (hips widen, breasts bud, pubic hair appears, testes develop) indicate approaching puberty.

Beginning of Puberty menstruation in girls (menarch) 12-14 years old First ejaculation in boys 12-13 years old (semenarch)

Recognize differences between boys and girls.

By 12 Years old

(con’t) By 12 Years old

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Children find difficulty balancing high energy activities and quiet activities.

Intense activity may bring tiredness Children need around 10 hours of sleep each night.

Muscle coordination and control are uneven and incomplete in the early stages, but children become almost as coordinated as adults by the end of middle childhood.

Small muscles develop rapidly, making playing musical instruments, hammering, or building things more enjoyable.

Baby teeth will come out and permanent ones will come in.

Permanent teeth may come in before the mouth has fully grown, causing dental crowding.

Eyes reach maturity in both size and function. The added strain of school work (smaller print,

computers, intense writing) often creates eye-tension and leads some children to request eye examinations.