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„„Particle physics and cosmology: the interface”Particle physics and cosmology: the interface” 3.5. 3.5.20020066, , WarsawWarsaw  

Search for optical flashes Search for optical flashes of astrophysical origin of astrophysical origin

with with „„ of the Sky” of the Sky” experiment experiment

Grzegorz WrochnaGrzegorz WrochnaSoltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, WarsawSoltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw

grb.fuw.edu.plgrb.fuw.edu.pl

• Gamma Ray Bursts as standard candles• Very short GRB and primordial black holes• GRB optical emission• Experiment „ of the Sky”

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GRB as a tool for cosmologyGRB as a tool for cosmology Cosmology became experimental science

Universe space-time properties measured using supernovae as standard candles up to z = 0.97

Gamma Ray Bursts may become more powerful standard candles

The farest GRB observed has z = 6.2 !

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Gamma Ray Bursts - GRB

Short (0.01-100s) –ray pulses From pointlike sources in the sky Brighter than the rest of the sky (in -rays) Energy 1051 erg (=1010 years of Sun emission) Distance up to z=6.2 Frequency 2-3 per day Discovered in 1967 by military satellites VELA So far >3000 observed

including ~100 in visible lightdistance measured for ~70

Observed in radio waves, X-rays, ~GeV,TeV

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Izotropic distribution in galactic coordinates

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GRB spectrumse

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GRB 940212

afterglow

GRB 980329

10 GeV

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DifferentDifferentshapesshapes

Time:Time:0.01-100s0.01-100s

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„„Short” and „long” burstsShort” and „long” bursts

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Mechanizm błysków gammaMechanizm błysków gamma

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Anisotrophy of very short (<0.1s) GRB?

Cline, Matthey, Otwinowskiastro-ph/9905346astro-ph/0510309

Primordial black holes?

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V. short GRB / CMB correlation?!

Colour map – CMB (WMAP) / GeV (EGRET) correlationsWibig, Wolfendale, astro-ph/040939

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Swift GRB 2004.12.19Swift GRB 2004.12.19

Precursor seen also in GRB 2005.01.24 and some othersB.Paczyński and P.Haensel (astro-ph/0502297)interpret prekursor as a collaps to a neutron starand the main burst as creation of a quark starquark star

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GRB’s today and tomorrowGRB’s today and tomorrow

Today: gamma emission well understood central engine(s) still uncertain

Tomorrow: coincidence with TeV photons, neutrinos, etc optical observations before and during GRB using GRB as standard candles for cosmology

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GRB as standard candles

Cepheides-like correlations might allow us to studythe Universe much farther than Supernovae

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Reichart et al., 2001

Sakamoto et al., 2003

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GRB releases energy >1051 erg = 1044Jin 0.1-100s

The same will be released by the Sun oven its all life (1010 years)

GRB 030329, z=0.17GRB 990123, z=1.6

If in M31 (Andromeda)

brighter than the Moon

If in M42 (Orion nebula)

brighter than the Sun!

Egamma > 104x Evisible

seen by uninstrumented eye?

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BATSE & ROTSEBATSE & ROTSE4 telephoto lenses CANON d=10 cmrobotic mountfollows GCN alerts

Images 1999.01.23 20 s after BATSE alert

Optical flash 9m !could be seen by binocular!

The brightest so far

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1 min. – 10 cm photolenses

1 h – 30 cm amateur telescope

1 day – 1 m professional telescope

1 week – 6 m giant telescope

1 month – Hubble telescope

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Catching prompt optical emissionCatching prompt optical emission

No one knows were the next GRB will happenStandard approach: wait for GRB alert and move there quickly

robotic telescopes listening to GCN: BOOTES, (SUPER)LOTIS, MASTER, RAPTOR, REM,

ROTSE, TAROT, ...

New approach needed: look everywhere, all the time

wide field of view ( steradians ?) self-triggering

experiment „ of the Sky”

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„ of the Sky” - grb.fuw.edu.plDesign:

• continuous ~all sky survey (32×3000 images / night)• large data stream ( 1 Terabyte / night)• real time analysis• multilevel trigger• under construction (ready by fall 2006)

Prototype:• 2×16 CCD cameras, each 2000×2000 pixels• Canon lenses f=85mm, f/d=1.2• field of view = 2 steradians = Swift BAT • works from July 2004 in Chile

Collaboration:• Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw• Center for Theoretical Physics PAS, Warsaw• Warsaw University• Warsaw University of Technology

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„„ of the Skyof the Sky” prototype” prototype

• 2 CCD cameras 20002 CCD cameras 2000××2000 pixels2000 pixels• common field of view 33common field of view 33°×°×3333°°• 32 cameras under construction32 cameras under construction

• robotic mountrobotic mount• < 1 min. to any point< 1 min. to any point

in the sky in the sky http://grb.fuw.edu.plhttp://grb.fuw.edu.pl

Tests in Poland

Las Campanas Observatory, Chile, from 7.2004

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„„ of the Skyof the Sky”: robotic detector”: robotic detector

Autonomic operation according to Autonomic operation according to programprogramme:me:• followsfollows HETE HETE or INTEGRAL field of view or INTEGRAL field of view

• detects itself optical flashesdetects itself optical flashes

• all sky survey twice a nightall sky survey twice a night (2 (2××20min)20min)

• follows targets of GCN alertsfollows targets of GCN alerts

High reliability:High reliability:

• remote-reset, Wake-on-LAN, Boot-from-LANremote-reset, Wake-on-LAN, Boot-from-LAN

• selfdiagnostics (e-mail and SMS to Poland)selfdiagnostics (e-mail and SMS to Poland)

During one year of operation:During one year of operation:

• ~10~10 n nights lost due to apparatus problemsights lost due to apparatus problems + + ~30~30 n nights lost due to weatherights lost due to weather

• > > 300 „good” nights300 „good” nights, , 1 001 000 000 0 000 sky imagessky images, , 10101010 photophotometrmetric measurementsic measurements

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Flash recognition in real timemultilevel trigger concept (a’la particle physics exp.)

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„„ of the Skyof the Sky”: GRB observations”: GRB observations8989 GRB GRB’s’s discovered by satellites 7.2004-7.2005discovered by satellites 7.2004-7.2005::

55 – – clouds (4) or apparatus off (1)clouds (4) or apparatus off (1)

1818 – – Northen hemisphereNorthen hemisphere

4848 – – daytime or below horizondaytime or below horizon

1616 – – outside field of viewoutside field of view, , 4 limits better than others4 limits better than othersGRB 040916B, GRB 040916B, >13 >13mm forfor t > tt > t00+17min+17min ((publ. publ. GCN 2725)GCN 2725)

GRB 04GRB 0412171217, , >1 >11.51.5mm forfor t > tt > t00++3030minmin ((publ. publ. GCN 2GCN 2862862))

GRB 0GRB 05012350123, , >12>12mm forfor t t << t t00-108min-108min ((publ. publ. GCN 2GCN 2970970))

GRB 0GRB 05032650326, , >1>111mm forfor t t << t t00-33min-33min ((publ. publ. GCN GCN 31463146))

22 – – within FOV: within FOV: GRB 040825AGRB 040825A (publi(published:shed: GCN 2677) GCN 2677)

>10>10mm forfor t < tt < t00-11s-11s

>12>12mm forfor t = tt = t00

>9.5>9.5mm forfor t > tt > t00+7s+7s

GRB 0GRB 0550041412 2 ((GCN GCN 32403240)) >>1111.5.5mm / >11/ >11m m / >11.5/ >11.5mm

limits before limits before and during GRB and during GRB

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Search for cosmic flashes„ of the Sky” prototype at LCO, July 2004 – July 2005

~100 flashes seen by both cameras, in one frame only

(could be satellites reflecting sunlight) 6 flashes seen in >1 frame (not confirmed/excluded by others) 1 flash identified as CN Leo flare star outburst Several slower star-flares detected off-line

CN Leo EQ Peg

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„ of the Sky” general goal:study objects varying on scales from seconds to months

Examples of night-life of stars - brightness vs time (one night)

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GRB optical observationsVery few points <20safter GRB t0

dashed line – „ of the Sky” rangedotted line – filter corrected

limits

measurements

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Prompt optical Prompt optical GRB observationsGRB observations

„ of the Sky” is optimized for t < t0 + 60 s

Only 14 measurements by other experiments exist in this range

Extrapolation to 30s from later time suggest, that „ of the Sky” will see ~1/4 of visible GRB

„ of the Sky” limit

prototype limit

filter corrected limit

Observed by other experiments

Extrapolated fromlater mesurements

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