Post on 27-Mar-2015
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Living organisms are classified Living organisms are classified into 3 Domainsinto 3 Domains
1.1. BacteriaBacteria
2.2. ArchaeaArchaea
3.3. EukaryaEukarya
4 Kingdoms in this Domain
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Domain Eukarya has 4 Domain Eukarya has 4 KingdomsKingdoms
1. Kingdom Protista1. Kingdom Protista
2. Kingdom Fungi2. Kingdom Fungi
3. Kingdom Plantae3. Kingdom Plantae
4. Kingdom Animalia4. Kingdom Animalia
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Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista
Believed to have evolved as the first Believed to have evolved as the first eukaryotes.eukaryotes.
Organisms in this group just don’t fit perfectly Organisms in this group just don’t fit perfectly into any other Kingdom in the Domain Eukarya.into any other Kingdom in the Domain Eukarya.
Most protists are Most protists are unicellularunicellular.. Asexual reproduction is common, but sexual Asexual reproduction is common, but sexual
reproduction also occurs.reproduction also occurs. Most diverse groupMost diverse group of organisms of any of organisms of any
kingdom.kingdom.
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3 Divisions of 3 Divisions of ProtistProtist
Plant like protistPlant like protistAnimal like protistAnimal like protistFungus like protistFungus like protist
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Diversity of ProtistsDiversity of Protists3 Major Divisions3 Major Divisions
Plant-like protistPlant-like protistEuglenoidsEuglenoidsDiatomsDiatomsDinoflagellatesDinoflagellatesRed AlgaeRed AlgaeBrown AlgaeBrown AlgaeGreen AlgaeGreen Algae
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Second Division of ProtistSecond Division of Protist
Animal Like ProtistAnimal Like ProtistAmoebasAmoebasFlagellatesFlagellatesCiliatesCiliatesSporozoansSporozoans
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Third Division of ProtistThird Division of Protist
Fungus-Like ProtistFungus-Like ProtistSlime MoldsSlime MoldsWater Molds and Downy Water Molds and Downy MildewsMildews
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Kingdom Protista is
very diverse.
15 phyla, based on the way
they obtain energy.
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PLANT-LIKE PLANT-LIKE PROTISTPROTIST
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Phylum Chlorophyta: green Phylum Chlorophyta: green algaealgae
SpirogyraSpirogyra7000 species of Chlorophyta7000 species of ChlorophytaThis slide
and the following 3 slides are meant to demonstrate the diversity of Phylum Chlorophyta.
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
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Phylum Chlorophyta: green Phylum Chlorophyta: green algaealgae
Spirogyra is a filamentous green algae. They form end-to-end chains of cells. Often found on the surfaces of ponds. Conjugation
(similar to bacterial
conjugation)
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
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Phylum Chlorophyta: green Phylum Chlorophyta: green algaealgae
Multicellular green algae
Chara is a stonewort, the type of green algae believed to be most closely related
to plants.
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
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Phylum Chlorophyta: green Phylum Chlorophyta: green algaealgae
Volvox is a colonial green alga.
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
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Green AlgaeGreen Algae
PediastrumPediastrum, a flat , a flat colony of green colony of green algae algae
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Phylum Rhodophyta: red Phylum Rhodophyta: red algaealgae
Commercial importance of red algae:
Agar—laboratory use, gelatin used in Petri dishes
Carrageen—thickening agent in commercial products
Porphyra--sushi
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
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Phylum Phaeophyta: brown Phylum Phaeophyta: brown algaealgae
Underwater forests—habitats
Kelp—food, habitats for aquatic organisms
Pectin—used to make gelatin
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
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Phylum Bacilariophyta: Phylum Bacilariophyta: the the DiatomsDiatoms or Golden Algae or Golden AlgaeSilica—the
shells of these organisms found in sand. Used to make glass, concrete,
Diatomaceous earth -dead diatoms settle to seafloor, collected and used in abrasives
Plankton
abundant food source for marine organisms
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
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DiatomsDiatoms
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More DiatomsMore Diatoms
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Phylum Dinoflagellata: Phylum Dinoflagellata: Spinning Algae-2 flagella for Spinning Algae-2 flagella for
movementmovementSome are photyosynthetic
Some are bioluminescent
Symbiotic
Parasitic
Red tide—population explosion of certain types of dinoflagellates. Kills large amounts of fish. Depletes water of oxygen and releases toxins into the water.
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Red Tide-DinoflagellatesRed Tide-Dinoflagellates
The toxins produces by the red tide The toxins produces by the red tide can make humans sick. Harvesting can make humans sick. Harvesting shellfish is banned during this time.shellfish is banned during this time.
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More DinoflagellatesMore Dinoflagellates
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And more DinoflagellatesAnd more Dinoflagellates
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Phylum EuglenophytaPhylum EuglenophytaFreshwater
This phylum is a typical example of the difficulties in categorizing protists: 1/3 have chloroplasts, the other 2/3 do not.
No sexual reproduction. Longitudinal fission.
Propels the body through water.
For photosynthesis
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
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Many Euglena!Many Euglena!
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ANIMAL-LIKE ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTPROTIST
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Phylum Zoomastigina: Phylum Zoomastigina: the flagellatesthe flagellates
Trypanosomes- transmitted by the bite of a tsetse fly, cause African Sleeping Sickness.
Animal-like
protists
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Trypanosomes are Flagellates that cause African Trypanosomes are Flagellates that cause African sleeping sickness. They are transmitted to their sleeping sickness. They are transmitted to their
human hosts by the bite of a tsetse fly.human hosts by the bite of a tsetse fly. Below: Below: TrypanosomaTrypanosoma in a in a
sample of human blood X sample of human blood X 400.400.
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More Flagellates-ZoomastiginaMore Flagellates-ZoomastiginaSome are helpful and live in Some are helpful and live in
the gut of termites and digest the gut of termites and digest woodwood
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More FlagellatesMore Flagellates Phylum Zoomastigina Phylum Zoomastigina
Giardia Lamblia
Attaches to intestinal tract.
Other flagellates are known to spread sexually by infecting the vagina and urethra of women, and the prostate, seminal vesicles and urethra of men.
Zooflagellate Example
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Diversity of Kingdom Protista
Animal-like
protists
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Phylum Rhizopoda-AmoebasPhylum Rhizopoda-AmoebasMove by PseudopodiaMove by Pseudopodia
Phylum Rhizopoda- amoebas, including Entamoeba hystolytica
Phylum Foraminifera- calcium carbonate shell
Phylum Actinopoda-radiolarians
Trivia-
White Cliffs of Dover, Egyptian pyramids
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AmoebaAmoeba
The projections are called pseudopods The projections are called pseudopods or “false feet.”or “false feet.”
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Amoeba?Amoeba?
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Phylum Ciliophora: the Phylum Ciliophora: the CiliatesCiliates
Very diverse group; very complex single-celled organisms which use cilia for movement.
Diversity of Kingdom Protista
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Ciliate-ParameciumCiliate-Paramecium
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Ciliate-StentorCiliate-Stentor
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Ciliate-VorticellaCiliate-Vorticella
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Phylum SporozoaPhylum SporozoaLife cycle
of Plasmodium vivax,
the organism
that causes malaria.
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Fungus Like Fungus Like ProtistProtist
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Slime molds, Water Molds, and Slime molds, Water Molds, and Downy MildewsDowny Mildews
Phyla Myxomycota, Acrasiomycot
a and Oomycota
“Fungus-like
protists”
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What are Fungus-Like What are Fungus-Like Protists?Protists?
Organisms which have some Organisms which have some fungus like featuresfungus like features
HeterotrophicHeterotrophic Decompose organic materialDecompose organic material
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Slime MoldSlime Mold
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Slime mold Slime mold plasmodiumplasmodium body body & reproductive sporangia & reproductive sporangia
stalksstalks
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““Dog Vomit” Slime MoldDog Vomit” Slime Mold
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More Slime MoldMore Slime Mold
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More Slime MoldMore Slime Mold
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Unidentified Orange Slime Unidentified Orange Slime MoldMold
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Water MoldWater Mold
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Downy MildewsDowny Mildews
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Summary of ProtistSummary of Protist
Most diverse group, autotrophic and Most diverse group, autotrophic and heterotrophicheterotrophic
Eukaryotes, single celled and Eukaryotes, single celled and multicelledmulticelled
Structures: flagella, pseudopodia, cell Structures: flagella, pseudopodia, cell organellesorganelles
Reproduction asexual and sexualReproduction asexual and sexual Some are harmless, some cause Some are harmless, some cause
sleeping sickness and malariasleeping sickness and malaria