Post on 30-Dec-2015
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Geology 1001/1101
Sec 003 Chris PaolaClass 10: the water planet
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Chapter 11
THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
AND GROUNDWATER
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Key ideas about water
• Fresh vs salt vs ice
• Surface vs ground water vs ice
• Water availability– Aquifers and groundwater flow– Areas of high and low rainfall; deserts
• Ocean flow
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
In mantle: ~ one ocean’s worth?
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
96 %
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
3 %
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
1 %
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
<<1 %
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
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Controls on water availability: rainfall & surface water
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Global air flow determines large-scale rainfall patterns
Mars: one cell perhemisphere
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16Earth: 3 cells perhemisphere
wet
dry
dry
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
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Deserts are NOT:
Hot
Desert misconceptions
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Deserts are NOT:
Sand Seas
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Deserts are NOT:
Rare
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Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
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Controls on water availability: groundwater
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
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Groundwater visible
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
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Saltwater intrusion
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Water in the world ocean
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Sea salt
• What’s in it?
• How salty is the ocean?
• Where does the salt come from?
• Why isn’t there more of it?
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Ocean vertical profiles
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Ocean circulation
• Wind (surface to ~ 1000 m)
• Density differences: thermohaline
• First meet M. Coriolis…
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Coriolis force
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Coriolis force
Coriolis animation
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Coriolis force
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Coriolis force
Coriolis + centrifugal movie
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Coriolis forceCoriolis always acts relative to the direction of motion:
90 deg to right in the NH
90 deg to left in the SH
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Coriolis force• How large is the Coriolis force?
• Why don’t you feel it when you walk around?
• Why does it change sign as we cross the equator?
http://www.ems.psu.edu/~fraser/Bad/BadCoriolis.html
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Coriolis force
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Coriolis force
Lo P
PressureCoriolis
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Coriolis force
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Ocean currents
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Modeling ocean surface movie
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Misconception:
The deep (thermohaline or density-driven) circulation
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Air Circulation:
Familiar
Simple
Symmetrical
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Why does ocean water sink?Water is heated & cooled, but…
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Why does ocean water sink?
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Why does ocean water sink?
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Why does ocean water sink?
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Why does ocean water sink?
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Why does ocean water sink?
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Why does ocean water sink?
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Why does ocean water sink?
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Why does ocean water sink?
The polar water that sinks fastest is saltier water from tropics!
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Why does ocean water rise?
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Why does ocean water rise?
Not Temperature!
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Why does ocean water rise?
Not Temperature!
Not Salinity!
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Why does ocean water rise?
Not Temperature!
1 wind
Not Salinity!
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Wind blows surface water away,
Why does ocean water rise?
Not Temperature!
1 wind
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Not Salinity!
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Wind blows surface water away,
allowing deeper water to rise
Why does ocean water rise?
Not Temperature!
1 wind
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3 Not Salinity!
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Coriolis moves water to right (NH) of wind
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Upwelling & downwelling
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Upwelling
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Extras
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Ocean currents
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Ocean circulation
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El Niño
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El Niño
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SST anom movie