Post on 11-Dec-2015
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Factors necessary for respiration
Adequate O2 in the atmosphere
A functioning respiratory tract
Functioning thoracic muscles and nerves to control the thoracic cage
Blood to transport the gases
Capillaries in close proximity to the cells to allow the exchange of gases.
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Regulation of respiration
The automatic control is located in the respiratory centers of the brain stem.Reflex responses and chemical signals control these centers.Chemical control is usually reliant on the level of CO2 in the blood.We can voluntarily control respirations for a short time – speaking, swallowing .
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Factors affecting respiratory function Availability of O2 – usually 20% in airRegulating mechanisms –cerebral Oedema, medications.Passage of gases – accumulation of secretions, injury / disease to chestDiffusion of gases – COADTransport of gases – anaemia, CCFInfluences on characteristics of breathing-Pain, emotion , exercise.
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Breath sounds site
http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/clinsci/callan/breath_sounds.htm
http://www.med.ucla.edu/wilkes/inex.htm
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Characteristics of respiration
Rate;
Tachypnoea- increased respiratory rate (exercise , fever, pneumonia, COAD, lesions in the pons varolii).
Bradypnoea – decrease in respiratory rate ( opioids, brain tumours)
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Characteristics of respiration
Rhythm – evenly spacedHyperventilation- an increase in both the rate and depth of respirations (extreme exertion, fear / anxiety , fever, midbrain lesions, acid –base imbalance , blood gas concentration).Cheyne –stokes – periodic breathing with gradual increase in depth then apnoea.Biot’s respiration – interrupted breathing patterns like Cheyne – Stokes but depth remains the same (meningitis).
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Characteristics of respiration
Depth – should be constant and relaxedDyspnoea – undue breathlessness and an awareness of discomfort with breathingExhertional dyspnoea- exercise , CCfOrthopnoea – shortness of breath on lying down, relieved by sitting upright (LVF)Paroxsmal nocturnal dyspnoea – sudden breathlessness that occurs at nigh when patient is lying down (APO, LVF) .
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Characteristics of respiration
Sound – usually inaudible
Stertorous laboured breathing with a snoring sound (obstructed airway)
Wheezing – high pitched and squeaky (asthma)
Rales – bubbly or crackly (eg PO)
Ronchi – course and rattly (bronchitis)
Stridor – high pitched musical sound on inspiration (croup).
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Monitoring respirations
Patient has a respiratory condition
Evaluate their condition
Monitoring effectiveness of treatment
Postoperatively
Critically ill
Patient receiving o2 therapy
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