Post on 19-Oct-2014
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Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Economic Policy
Energy and the electrical system
Silvester van Koten
CERGE-EI, PragueFlorence School of Regulation
LEE, VŠE
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Florence School of regulation: Transparency award
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Economic Policy
Energy and the electrical system
Silvester van Koten
CERGE-EI, PragueFlorence School of Regulation
LEE, VŠE
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
The electrical system
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Transmission
Principles of Transmission, applied to the EU transmission network
1. Line limits2. Principles of dispatch3. Role of frequency in ac lines and stability
requirements 4. Transmission shortage, the internal market
and the 2050 carbon targets
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Power plants
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Distributors
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Transmission
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Power Plants
Transmission
Industrial consumers
Distributors
Residential consumers: Households
Other countries
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
2. Transmission lines
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
September 28th, 2003
Huge blackout cripples Italy!
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Rome’s “white night”
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Rome’s “white night”110 trains stopped
Thousands of people stuck
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Huge blackout cripples Italy!
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:01
“Cross-border transmission lines”
“Interconnectors”
Tree flashover!
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:01
Tree flashover!
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:0103:01-03.16
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
03:11
The Swiss TSO operator asks the Italian TSO for countermeasures
TSO= Transmission System Operator
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:21
Italy reduces import by -300 MW
03:25
Tree flashover!
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:25
Tree flashover!
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
03:26
All interconnectors are automatically disconnected
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
1. Transmission lines limits
2. Dispatch
3. Frequency and synchronicity
4. Transmission shortage in the EU
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:01
Tree flashover!
Transmission lines limits
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
flashover
Transmission lines limits
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
High voltage
Dramatically lowers losses to resistance
1 KV-> 10KV
Loss falls to 1%
Factor 100
Transmission lines limits
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
1 KV-> 100KV
Loss falls to 0.01%
Factor 10.000
Transmission lines limits
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
High voltage
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Line flashover
2 risk factors for line flashover
Factor 1: high voltage
Factor 2: proximity to other objects (trees)
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Transmission lines limits
Sagging of the line
High load
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Transmission lines limits
Sagging of the line
High load
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Clearance: Trees below transmission lines must be kept short enough
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Clearance: Trees below transmission lines must be kept short enough
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Thus limit of a line is dependent on - The line itself- air temperature & wind- Maximum allowed sagging- For example, Increase in temperature from 30C to
40C can lower the limit with 10%
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
1. Transmission lines limits
2. Dispatch
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:01
Dispatch
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
2 node network
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
?
A B
Injection: 100MW Injection:
20MW
Withdrawal: 50MW
Withdrawal: 70MW
Net Injection: 50MW
Net Withdrawal:
50MW
Dispatch
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Physical flow: 50MW
A B
Net Injection: 50MW
Net Withdrawal:
50MW
Dispatch
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Net Withdrawal:
50MW
Physical flow: 50MW
A B
Net Injection: 50MW ∆ -10MW
40MW
∆-10MW
40MW
∆ -10MW
40MW
Dispatch
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Physical flow: 40MW
A B
Net Injection: 40MW
Net Withdrawal:
40MW
Electricity cannot just be “send” somewhere
Any flow is the RESULT of the injection and withdrawals
Dispatch
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
40MW
A B
40MW
Limit: 50MW
Limit: 50MW
Net Withdraw: 80MW
Net Injection:80MW
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
A B
40MWNet Withdraw: 80MW
Net Injection:80MW
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
A B
40MW80MWLimit: 50MW
Net Withdraw: 80MW
Net Injection:80MW
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
40MW
A B
40MW
Limit: 50MW
Limit: 50MW
Apply N-1 security standards
25MW
25MWNet Withdraw: 50MW
Net Injection:50MW
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
40MW
A B
25MW
Limit: 50MW
Limit: 50MW
Apply N-1 security standards
40MW
40MW
Both lines can have 80MW
(15 minuts)
Reserve generation of
30MW available
(within 15 min)
Decrease of 30MW is possible
(within 15 min)
Net Withdraw: 80MW
Net Injection:80MW
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
A B
25MW
Limit: 50MW
Apply N-1 security standards
40MW
Reserve generation of
30MW available
(within 15 min)
Decrease of 30MW is possible
(within 15 min)
Net Withdraw: 80MW
Net Injection:80MW
Both lines can have 80MW
(15 minuts)
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
A B
25MW
Limit: 50MW
Apply N-1 security standards
50MWNet Withdraw: 50MW
Net Injection:50MW
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
A B
25MW
Limit: 50MW
Apply N-1 security standards
80MWBoth lines can have 80MW
(15 minuts)
Reserve generation of
30MW available
(within 15 min)
Decrease of 30MW is possible
(within 15 min)
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
A B
40MW80MWLimit: 50MW
Net Withdraw: 80MW
Net Injection:80MW
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
03:11
The Swiss TSO operator asks the Italian TSO for countermeasures
Dispatch is done by national TSOs
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
3 node network
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
A
B
Injection: 120MW30$/MWh
С
Withdrawal: 120MW70$/MWh
40MW80MW
40MW
30$/MWh
Dispatch with 3 nodes
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
A
B
Injection: 120MW30$/MWh
С
Withdrawal: 120MW
Limit: 500MWLimit: 20MW
70$/MWh
40MW80MW
40MW
Limits
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
A
B
Injection: 120MW30$/MWh
С
Withdrawal: 120MW
Limit: 500MWLimit: 20MW
70$/MWh
30MW80MW
30MW
Injection: 60MW30$/MWh
20MW
20MW
60MW30$/MWh 60MWh is shed!
Solution 1: lower injection
40MW
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
A: 40MW
A
B
Injection: 120MW30$/MWh
С
Withdrawal: 120MW
Limit: 500MWLimit: 20MW
70$/MWh
A: 80M
W
A: 40MW
Solution 1: Counter flow
Inject 60 MW
B: 20MWB: 2
0MW
B: 40MW
Supply of A+B: 180MW
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
A: 40MW
A
B
Injection: 120MW30$/MWh
С
Withdrawal: 120MW
Limit: 500MWLimit: 20MW
70$/MWh
A: 80M
W
A: 40MW
Solution 1: Counter flow & proportional downturning
Inject 60 MW
B: 20MWB: 2
0MW
B: 40MW
Supply of A+B: 180MW
Injection: 80MW30$/MWh
A: 53 M
W A: 27 MW
A: 27 MW
Inject 40 MW
B: 13 MW
B: 13 M
W
B: 27 MW
Supply of A+B: 120MW
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Up till 60MW from A no problem
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
A
B
Injection: 60MW30$/MWh
С
Withdrawal: 120MW
Limit: 500MWLimit: 20MW
70$/MWh
A:20MWA:40MW
A: 20MW
Limits
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
A: +⅓ MW
A: 20MW
A
B
Injection: 60MW30$/MWh
С
Withdrawal: 120MW
Limit: 500MWLimit: 20MW
70$/MWh
A: 40MW
A: 20MW
Limits+1 MW
B: + ⅓ MW
+1 MW
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
A:+10 MW
A: 20MW
A
B
Injection: 60MW30$/MWh
С
Withdrawal: 120MW
Limit: 500MWLimit: 20MW
A: 40MW
A: 20MW
Limits+30 MW
B: +10 MW
+30 MW70$/MWh
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
A: 30MW
A
B
Injection: 90MW30$/MWh
С
Withdrawal: 120MW
Limit: 500MWLimit: 20MW
A: 60MW
A: 30MW
Limits
B: 10 MW
B: 20MW
B: 10MW
+30 MW70$/MWh
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:21
Italy reduces import by -300 MW
03:25
Dispatch
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
1. Transmission lines limits
2. Dispatch
3. Frequency and synchronicity
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Frequency and Synchronicity
Direct Current (DC)
Alternating Current (AC)
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Frequency and Synchronicity
AlternatingCurrent (AC)
50 Hertz
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Does a lamp in your house receive zero energy 100 times a second and is thus blinking?
Frequency and Synchronicity
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
VID
Wednesday 1_ light bulb.divx
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
50 Herz is the frequency in Europe
Frequency and Synchronicity
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
A shortage of generation makes the frequency fall
Slight shortage
Frequency and Synchronicity
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
A surplus of generation makes the frequency rise
Slight surplus
Frequency and Synchronicity
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
http://www.dynamicdemand.co.uk/grid.htm
Frequency and Synchronicity
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
http://www.dynamicdemand.co.uk/grid.htm
Frequency and Synchronicity
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Russian frequency
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
All generators are synchronized
UCTE = Continental
Synchronous Area
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
UCTE = Continental
Synchronous Area
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
UCTE = Continental
Synchronous Area
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
•Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Ukraine
•Armenia
•Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia
•Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan?•Uzbekistan, Tajikistan
http://so-ups.ru/index.php?id=ees
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
03:26
All interconnectors are automatically disconnected
Frequency and Synchronicity
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
Mini circuit breakers
Frequency and Synchronicity
Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr
High voltage circuit breakers
Frequency and Synchronicity