1 Describing the World: Data Model Patterns Part One: The Enterprise Model Library of Congress David...

Describing the World:Data Model Patterns

Part One: The Enterprise Model

Library of Congress

David C. HayCapgemini Financial Services

Washington, DCMarch 24, 2009

Some of you may know me . . .

Back in 1995, I published this book . . .

It was the beginning of a movement . . .

Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, John Vissides, Design Patterns Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, 1995.Software patterns

Martin Fowler, Analysis Patterns: Reusable Object Models. 1997.Object-oriented design patterns

Len Silverston, The Data Model Resource Book: A Library of Logical Data and Data Warehouse Models. 1997.“Universal data models”

Different kinds of patterns . . .

More program independent(Less “techie”)

More business independent(More abstract)

Design Patterns

Analysis Patterns

Universal Data Models

Data Model Patterns

semantics of the business

implemen- tation

And so now . . .

Second Edition (2008)

(Y’all are getting a sneak preview)

Levels of Abstraction . . .

Semantic data models can be drawn at many different levels of abstraction:

Most general – Robust, generally applicable. By definition, anything published as part of the Federal Data Reference Model must be relatively abstract to be widely applicable.

This makes them harder to relate to specific situations.

Most concrete – Easiest to understand for people in the fields being described.

This makes them more vulnerable to changes in the business, however, and harder to apply generally across companies and agencies.

Abstraction Level 0: A Template . . .

This is a standard structure for basic elements of Enterprise Model.

It is about the structure of “things”, such as physical assets, people, activities, and so forth.

The structures are then replicated in the more concrete Level 1 “Enterprise model”.

Abstraction Level 1: The Enterprise Model . . .

This model should apply to 90% of all companies (and government agencies.

Company specific configurations can be specified as data in the …PARAMETER and …TYPE entities.

Abstraction Level 1: The Enterprise Model . . .

Enterprise Model Components – Basic models describing: People and Organizations (Who?) Geography (Where?) Physical Assets (What?) Activities (How?) Date Attributes and Date Entities (When?) Composites (Why?)

Facilities (to create things) Contracts (to sell things)

Metadata Models – Two models are related to all the other parts of the model: Information resources (such as documents), and Accounting.

Abstraction Level 2: More concrete. . .

Applicable across company Apply to certain functional areas only. May require modification by individual companies or

agencies. Examples include human resources, marketing, and

the laboratory

Abstraction Level 3: Industry Specific. . .

These are specific to areas of interest for specific kinds of companies.

Examples include manufacturing, banking, biotechnology, etc.

Note that even these are industry-level “patterns”, which can be made more specific yet for individual companies.

Note also that only a small part of a company’s business is that specific.

Most can still follow the enterprise model.

Today’s Workshop

Part One: Abstraction Level 1: The Generic Enterprise Model Abstraction Level 0: The Template

Part Two: Abstraction Level 1 (continued): Metadata (Documents

and Accounting)

Abstraction Level 1: The Enterprise ModelPeople and Organizations (Who?)Geography (Where?)Physical Assets (What?)Activities and Events (How?)Timing Attributes and Entity Classes (When?)

Abstraction Level 0: The TemplateThings

Abstraction Level 1, again: Composites (Why?)

Sites and Facilities Contracts

About reading the relationship names . . .

part of <relationship name>

one or more

<first entity>INNING

must be

may be

INNINGBASEBALL

part of

composed of<second entity>BASEBALL

one and only one

Each INNING must be part of one and only one BASEBALL GAME.

Each BASEBALL GAME may be composed of one or more INNINGS

Two assertions . . .

May be represented by this drawing . . .

But are these assertions true?

must be

“In modeling, It is more important to be clear than to be correct!

- If you are clearly wrong, someone will tell you,

- but if you are obscurely right, you may never know!”

- Ken Orr The Ken Orr Institute

Today’s quotation . . .

Abstraction Level 0: The Template Abstraction Level 1, again:

Composites (Why?) Sites and Facilities Contracts

Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records…

1. People and Organizations . . .

2. Parties . . .

A PARTY TYPE might be:

“Person”, “Organization”, “Company”, etc.

Each PARTY TYPE may in turn be a super-type of one or more other PARTY TYPES.

For example,

the PARTY TYPE “Company” is a sub-type of the PARTY TYPE “Organization”.

3. Party Relationships . . .

A PARTY RELATIONSHIP TYPE might be:

“Marriage”“Union Membership”“Corporate Structure”etc.

4. Party Identifiers . . .

PARTY IDENTIFIER TYPE:

“Corporate Identifier”“Social Security Number”“Passport Number”,Etc.

PARTY IDENTIFIER:

“Corporate Identifier”of “Essential Strategies, Inc.” is “76-0392981”, as issued by the “Internal Revenue Service”.

5. Party Names . . .

If PARTY NAME COMPONENT TYPE is “Prefix”, LEGAL NAME COMPONENT VALUES would be “Mr.”, “Ms.”, “Dr.”, etc.

The PARTY NAME “Mr. David Charles Hay II”, consists of PARTY NAME COMPONENTS:

“Mr.” (PNC TYPE: “Prefix”)“David” (PNC TYPE: “Given Name”)“Charles” (PNC TYPE: “Middle Name”)…“II” (PNC TYPE “Suffix”)

PARTY NAME TYPES:

“Maiden Name”,“Corporate Nickname”, etc.

6. Some Party Constraints . . .For example,

according to a PARTY NAME CONSTRAINT,

-- only a PARTY whose PARTY TYPE is “Person”

-- may have a PARTY NAME whose PARTY NAME TYPE is “Maiden name”.

PARTY IDENTIFIER CONSTRAINTS:

-- only a PARTY whose PARTY TYPE is “Company”

-- may have a PARTY IDENTIFIER whose PARTY IDENTIFIER

TYPE is “Corporate Tax ID”.

7. Party Characteristics . . .

PARTY CHARACTERISTIC:

“Height”“Number of employees”“Regulatory target”,Etc.

PARTY CHARACTERISTIC VALUE:

“Height” of “Jerry Smith” has CHARACTERISTIC VALUE of “6.1” (feet)…

according to “Jerry Smith”.

8. Party Categories, etc. . .

Business Rule:

If PARTY CHARACTERISTIC VALUE is of a PARTY CATEGORY, then

-- it’s “Characteristic value”

-- must be the “Category value”

-- of one of the PARTY CATEGORY’s

-- LEGAL PARTY CATEGORY VALUES’ “Category value”..

9. Party Characteristic Derivations . . .

Reverse Polish Notation . . .

For example: Age = (<system date> - birthdate) / 365

The use ofSystemVariable

SubtractBirthdateAge

AddAge

OperatorThe use of Constant

The use of Character-istic

To deriveCharacter- istic

Divide365Age

Note: It is important to work from inside the parentheses out.

PARTY# GLOBAL IDENTIFIER

PARTY TYPE# NAME* DESCRIPTION

PARTYCHARACTERISTICVALUE* CHARACTERISTIC VALUE# EFFECTIVE DATEo UNTIL DATE

PARTY CHARACTERISTIC* NAME* DESCRIPTIONo DEFAULT VALUE* DATA TYPEo FORMULA

PARTY CHARACTERISTICDERIVATION ELEMENT# SEQUENCE* OPERATORo CONSTANT

LEGAL PARTYCATEGORY VALUE# CATEGORY VALUE* EFFECTIVE DATEo UNTIL DATE

PARTYCHARACTERISTICCONSTRAINT# EFFECTIVE DATEo UNTIL DATE

SYSTEMVARIABLE

CONTINUOUS PARTYCHARACTERISTICo MAXIMUM VALUEo MINIMUM VALUE

ORGANIZATION* DESCRIPTION

PARTY CATEGORY

PERSONo TITLE

GOVERNMENT

GOVERNMENTAGENCY

OTHERORGANIZATION

COMPANY

INTERNALORGANIZATION

an example of

embodied in

described by

issued by

issuer ofof

used as

defined by

definer of

constrained to

the use of

used as

to derive

derived via

subject to

in the role of

narrowerthan

broaderthan

the use of

used as

10. Party Characteristic Constraints . . .NOTE: the CONTINUOUS PARTY CHARACTERISTIC “Height”

-- may only be used as a PARTY CHARACTERISTIC VALUE

-- for a PARTY that is an example of the PARTY TYPE “Person”.

1. Geographic Locations . . .

2. Geographic Location Relationships . . .

For example,

“Colorado” is in “The United States” .(GEOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE),

“Ute Indian Reservation” overlaps with “Colorado”. (GEOGRAPHIC OVERLAP)

GEOGRAPHIC POINT “36 59 57 N”, “109 02 44” defines a corner of STATE / PROVINCE “Colorado”. (GEOGRAPHIC DEFINITION).

3. Geographic Location Identifiers . . .

GEOGRAPHIC NAME STANDARD:

ISO 3116

GEOGRAPHIC LOC. ID. TYPE: “Standard Abbreviation”

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION IDENTIFIER: “UK”“USA”

4. Geographic Location Names . . .

5. Geographic Constraints . . .

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION ID CONSTRAINT:

-- the GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION IDENTIFIER TYPE “Postal Abbreviation”

-- may only be embodied in a GEOGRAPHIC IDENTIFIER

-- of a GEOGRAPHIC LOCATON

-- that is an example of the GEOGRAPHIC AREA TYPE “State/Province”.

6. Geographic Characteristics . . .

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION CHARACTERISTIC:“Population”“Area”“Climate”“Export Value”

GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC VALUE:

“Population” of “The United States” is “280,000,000”“Area” of “Cuba” is “42,800” (square miles).

7. Geographic Categories, etc. . . Business Rule: If GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC VALUE is of a GEOGRAPHIC CATEGORY, it’s “characteristic value” must be the “value” of one of the GEOGRAPHIC CATEGORY’S LEGAL GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC VALUES.

8. Geographic Characteristic Derivations . . .

For example: Building height = Tan(sight angle) * horizontal

distance

MultiplyHorizontal Distance

Building Height

TangentSight AngleBuilding Height

Operator

The use of Constant

9. Geographic Characteristic Constraints . . .For example, The G.L. CHARACTER-ISTIC “Population” may only be-- used for a G.L. VALUE -- for a GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION that is -- an example of the GEOGRAPHIC AREA TYPE “Geopolitical Area”.

10. Geographic Roles . . .

NOTE: The geographical representation of a country should not be confused with the GOVERNMENT which has JURISDICTION over that piece of geography.

1. Physical Assets . . .

PHYSICAL ASSET TYPE:

“Personal Computer”“Building”“Compressor”etc.

PHYSICAL ASSET SPECIFICATION:

“Lenovo ThinkPad T43”“Standard House Plan JZ-364”etc.

PHYSICAL ASSET INSTANCE

“DH’s ThinkPad, SN 99-A4005”“The house at 13 Hilshire Grove, Houston, Texas”“4000 #10 envelopes”etc.

2. Physical Asset Structures . . .

ASSET STRUCTURE TYPE:

“Optional Composition”, “Actual Composition”“Safety association”, etc.

ASSET SPECIFICATION STRUCTURE:

“A Lenovo ThinkPad T43” can use a “Model 13N6577 60 gb hard drive” (“Optional composition”)

ASSET INSTANCE STRUCTURE:

“DH’s Lenovo ThinkPad T43” has installed a “Model 13N6577 60 gb hard drive, S/N NP24T522” (“Actual composition”)

3. Physical Asset Names and Identifiers . . .

ASSET IDENTIFIER:

“Asset number” (PHYSICAL ASSET INSTANCE)“Specification Number” (PHYSICAL ASSET SPECIFICATION

4. Physical Asset Constraints . . .

5. Physical Asset Characteristics . . .

6. Physical Asset Legal Value and Derivations . . .

Business Rule: If ASSET CHARACTERISTIC VALUE is of an ASSET CATEGORY, it’s “characteristic value” … etc.

For example: Power (watts) = Voltage * Current (amps)

The use of Constant

Operator

Power Voltage Add

Power Current Multiply

7. Physical Asset Constraints . . .

8. Physical Asset Roles . . .

1. Activities

ACTIVITY TYPE:

“Fabrication”“Assembly”“Maintenance”“Highway construction”etc.

ACTIVITY SPECIFICATION:

“Fabrication of 20X40 sheets”,Weekly sweeping,etc.

ACTIVITY INSTANCE:

“Installation of Wirt Road overpass” (part of I-10 widening project) January 23, 2008.

2. Defining Activities . . .

ACTIVITY STRUCTURE TYPE:

“Work Breakdown”,“Dependency”,etc.

3. Activity Constraints . . .

ACTIVITY SPECIFICATION# GLOBAL IDENTIFIER* DEFAULT NAMEo DESCRIPTION* EFFECTIVE DATEo DISCONTINUE DATE

ACTIVITY INSTANCE# SEQUENCE NUMBER* DESCRIPTION* CREATION DATEo DESTRUCTION DATE

ACTIVITY TYPE# NAME* DESCRIPTION

ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTIC

ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICVALUE# EFFECTIVE DATEo UNTIL DATEo CHARACTERISTIC VALUE

LEGAL ACTIVITYCHARACTERISTICVALUE# EFFECTIVE DATEo UNTIL DATE* CATEGORY VALUE

ACTIVITYDERIVATIONELEMENT# CALCULATION SEQUENCE* OPERATORo CONSTANT

CONTINUOUS ACTIVITYCHARACTERISTICo MAXIMUM VALUEo MINIMUM VALUE

ACTIVITY CATEGORY

an example of

embodied in

to describe

describedby

todescribe

described by

evaluatedwith

aconstraintupon

constrainedby

the use ofused as

to derivederived via

narrowerthan

broader than

an example of

embodied in

4. Describing Activities . . .

For example: Actual Duration = Actual End Date – Actual Start Date

The use of Constant

Operator

Actual Duration

Actual End Date

Actual Duration

Actual Start Date

Subtract

5. Activity Characteristic Constraints . . .

6. Activities and Events . . .

TRIGGER SPECIFICATION:

“Receipt of a customer complaint” (EVENT SPECIFICATION) -- is the cause of TRIGGER

SPECIFICATIONS -- to carry out specified

ACTIVITY SPECIFICATIONS.

TRIGGER:

“Receipt of a DH’s complaint” (EVENT) -- was the cause of TRIGGERs-- to carry out specified

ACTIVITY INSTANCES.

Note . . .

Any EVENT INSTANCE may be the cause of one or more TRIGGERS of ACTIVITY INSTANCES.

An INTERNAL EVENT INSTANCE must be the result of another ACTIVITY INSTANCE.

An EXTERNAL EVENT INSTANCE is something that happens outside the company’s control

7. Activity Roles . . .

ACTIVITY ROLE TYPE:“Project Manager”,“Supervisor”,etc.

Showing Time with Attributes . . .

PARTY# GLOBAL IDENTIFIER

PARTY RELATIONSHIP# EFFECTIVE DATEo UNTIL DATEo COMMENT

PARTYRELATIONSHIPTYPE# NAME* DESCRIPTION

PARTYCHARACTERISTICVALUE* CHARACTERISTIC VALUE# EFFECTIVE DATEo UNTIL DATE

PARTY CHARACTERISTIC* NAME* DESCRIPTIONo DEFAULT VALUE* DATA TYPEo FORMULA

PARTYCATEGORYSET# NAME* DESCRIPTION

LEGAL PARTYCATEGORYVALUE# CATEGORY VALUE* EFFECTIVE DATEo UNTIL DATE

PARTYCHARACTERISTICCONSTRAINT# EFFECTIVE DATEo UNTIL DATE

CONTINUOUS PARTYCHARACTERISTICo MAXIMUM VALUEo MINIMUM VALUE

ORGANIZATION

PARTY CATEGORY

PERSON* BIRTHDATE

OTHERORGANIZATION

COMPANY

GOVERNMENT

GOVERNMENTAGENCY

on theother sideof

on oneside of

an example of

embodied in

an example of

embodied in

described by

issued by

issuer of

used as

defined by

definer of

part of

composed of

constrained to

subject to

in the role of

narrowerthan

broaderthan

Showing Time with Entities . . .

And some derived entity classes . . .

Wednesday, August 20, 2008: Week 34, 2008Day 233, 2008Day 50 of Quarter III, 2008

Abstraction Level 1 - Components: People and Organizations (Who?)Geography (Where?)Physical Assets (What?)Activities and Events (How?)Timing Attributes and Entity Classes (When?)

Abstraction Level 0: The template Abstraction Level 1, again: –

Composites (Why) Sites and Facilities Contracts

1. Things . . .

2. Thing Structures . . .

3. Thing Identifiers . . .

4. Thing Names . . .

5. Thing Constraints . . .For example, a THING INSTANCE may only have THING IDENTIFIERS that are examples of a THING IDENTIFIER TYPE that is appropriate for the THING SPECIFICATION or the THING TYPE involved.

6. Thing Characteristics . . .

A THING CHARACTERISTIC is a property that could also appear as an attribute of THING INSTANCE or THING SPECIFICATION. To do so would make it difficult to change, however, and would prevent multiple values over time.

7. Thing Categories, etc. . .

Business Rule:

If THING CHARACTERISTIC VALUE is of a THING CATEGORY, it’s “value” must be the “value” of one of the THING CATEGORY’S THING CATEGORY LEGAL VALUES.

8. Characteristic Derivations . . .

A CONTINUOUS THING CHARACTERISTIC may be derived from other THING CHARACTERISTICS using a Reverse Polish Notation structure. This is like the Hewlett Packard calculators.

For example: Degrees Celsius = Degrees Fahrenheit * .55556 - 32

To derivePARAMETER

The use of PARAMETER

Constant Operator

Degrees Celsius Degrees Fahrenheit

Degrees Celsius .55556 Multiply

Degrees Celsius 32 Subtract

9. Thing Characteristic Constraints . . .

Abstraction Level 0: The template Abstraction Level 1 , again:

Composites (Why) Sites and Facilities Contracts

Composites (why) . . .

A company’s motivation lies in:How it brings resources together to carry out its

vision and mission.Specifically, how it acquires resources and uses

them to satisfy customers.

Abstraction Level 0: The template Abstraction Level 1, again:

Composites (why) Sites and Facilities Contracts

Facilities Overview . . .

Facility:A place with a purpose.Used to locate resources:

People and organizations Activities Materials (Physical Assets)

Facility is in the Middle . . .

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION

ACTIVITY INSTANCE

PHYSICAL ASSETINSTANCE

FACILITYPLACEMENT

PARTY PLACEMENT

DISCRETEITEM

PERSON

ORGANIZATION

GEOGRAPHICPOINT

GEOGRAPHICSOLID

FACILITY

INVENTORY

GEOGRAPHICAREA

the current site of

currently at

the location of

located via

thelocationof

located via

A place with a purpose ...

... where people and organizations ...

... perform activities ...

... using physical assets.

1. Party Placements . . .

PARTY PLACEMENT TYPE:

“Home address”“Office address”etc.

FACILITY:

“DH’s house” “New York HQ” “Oil well J-423” etc.

2. Sites . . .

3. Facility Placements in the world . . .

4. Locating Activities . . .

5. Locating Events . . .

Locating Physical Assets . . .

FACILITYPLACEMENT# EFFECTIVE DATE* UNTIL DATE

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION# GLOBAL ID* DEFAULT NAME

PHYSICAL ASSET INSTANCE# SEQUENCE NUMBER* NAME* DESCRIPTION* CREATION DATEo DESTRUCTION DATEo (COST)

PHYSICAL ASSETSPECIFICATION# GLOBAL IDENTIFIER* DEFAULT NAME* DESCRIPTION* EFFECTIVE DATEo DISCONTINUE DATEo STANDARD PRICE* (TOTAL SALES VALUE)

MATERIALSPECIFICATION

PRODUCTSPECIFICATION

GEOGRAPHIC POINT* LATTITUDE* LONGITUDE* ELEVATION

GEOGRAPHIC SOLID

DISCRETE ITEM* SERIAL NUMBER

GEOGRAPHIC AREA

VIRTUAL SITE

INVENTORY* QUANTITY

FACILITY# GLOBAL IDENTIFIER* (STREET ADDRESS)* (CITY NAME)* (STATE NAME)* (POSTAL CODE)* (COUNTRY NAME)

WORK CENTER

WAREHOUSE

OTHER VIRTUALADDRESS...

NATURAL AREA

INSTRUMENT

E-MAILADDRESS...

PIECE OF EQUIPMENT

OTHERDISCRETEITEM

GEOPOLITICAL AREA

OTHER FACILITY

TELEPHONEADDRESS...

MANAGEMENT AREA

OFFICE FACILITY WEB ADDRESS...

SURVEYED AREAo STREET ADDRESS

located via

the location of

the currentsite of

currently at

an example of

embodied in

6. Locating (and moving) Physical Assets . . .

FACILITYPLACEMENT# EFFECTIVE DATE* UNTIL DATE

PARTY# GLOBAL IDENTIFIER* NAME

PARTY PLACEMENT# EFFECTIVE DATEo UNTIL DATE

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION# GLOBAL ID* DEFAULT NAME

PHYSICAL ASSET INSTANCE# SEQUENCE NUMBER* NAME* DESCRIPTION* CREATION DATEo DESTRUCTION DATEo (COST)

PHYSICAL ASSET MOVEMENT* BEGINNING DATE/TIMEo ENDING DATE/TIME

ACTIVITY INSTANCE# SEQUENCE NUMBER* DESCRIPTION* START DATEo END DATEo (TOTAL LABOR COST)o (TOTAL MATERIAL COST)

PHYSICAL ASSET SPECIFICATION# GLOBAL IDENTIFIER* DEFAULT NAME* DESCRIPTION* EFFECTIVE DATEo DISCONTINUE DATEo STANDARD PRICE* (TOTAL SALES VALUE)

INVENTORY* QUANTITY

ADJUSTMENT* CHANGE QUANTITY* ADDITION INDICATOR

FACILITY# GLOBAL IDENTIFIER* (STREET ADDRESS)* (CITY NAME)* (STATE NAME)* (POSTAL CODE)* (COUNTRY NAME)

ACTUAL CONSUMPTION* NUMBER OF UNITS* QUANTITY USEDo (TOTAL COST)

MATERIALSPECIFICATION

OTHER ACTIVITYINSTANCE

ACTUAL UTILIZATION* HOURS USED* (TOTAL VALUE OF USAGE)

PRODUCTSPECIFICATION

PRODUCTION STEP

PERSON

SERVICE INSTANCE

GEOGRAPHICPOINT...

GEOGRAPHICSOLID

DISCRETE ITEM* SERIAL NUMBER

GEOGRAPHICAREA

MAINTENANCE TASK

VIRTUAL SITE

DELIVERYo QUANTITY SHIPPED

TRANSFER

OTHERORGANIZATION

GOVERNMENTAGENCY

COMPANY

SHIPMENT

RECEIPT

PIECE OF EQUIPMENT

INSTRUMENT OTHERDISCRETE ITEM

PRODUCTCOMPLETION

GOVERNMENT

located via

the location of

located via

the location of

used in

consumedin

the current site of

currently at

delivered as

destinationof

destination of

sourceof

source of

charged with

producedduring

producerof

the location of

consumed in

an example of

embodied in

Abstraction Level 0: The template Abstraction Level 1, again:

Composites (why) Sites and Facilities Contracts

1. Contracts . . .

PARTY# GLOBAL IDENTIFIERPARTY RELATIONSHIP

# EFFECTIVE DATEo UNTIL DATEo COMMENT

LINE ITEM# LINE NUMBER* QUANTITYo COST

ACTIVITY SPECIFICATION# GLOBAL IDENTIFIER* DEFAULT NAMEo DESCRIPTION* EFFECTIVE DATEo DISCONTINUE DATEo ESTIMATED DURATIONo ESTIMATED PRICE

PHYSICAL ASSET SPECIFICATION# GLOBAL IDENTIFIER* DEFAULT NAME* DESCRIPTION* EFFECTIVE DATEo DISCONTINUE DATEo STANDARD PRICE

PERSON* BIRTHDATEo CHARGE RATE

CONTRACT# CONTRACT NUMBER* ISSUE DATE

MATERIALPRODUCT

GOVERNMENT

GOVERNMENTAGENCY

OTHERORGANIZATION

COMPANY

on theother sideof

on one side of

an example of

embodied in

buyer in

seller in

part of

composed of

purchasedvia

2. Contract Roles and Terms . . .

3. Supplying Assets . . .

4. Supplying Activities . . .

The importance of naming things . . .

“Now! That should clear up a few things around here!”

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