Post on 21-Dec-2015
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Database CourseDatabase Course
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General InformationGeneral Information
• TAs:
– Jonathan Mamou
– Gideon Rothschild
• Course Email: db@cs.huji.ac.il
• Moderated Newsgroup: local.course.db.ta
• Students Newsgroup: local.course.db.stud
• Course Homepage:
http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/~db
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Assignments (1)Assignments (1)
•About 10-12 assignments• Weight is between 25 percent
of final grade•All assignments must be
handed in!•Assignments are done
alone!
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Assignments (2)Assignments (2)
• Submission of Assignments:– Theoretical assignments - in the box in
Ross -2– Programming assignments - electronic
submission
• Assignments are returned in Ross –2, grades available via the internet
• Make sure that you have a grade when the exercise is returned!
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Appeals and ExtensionsAppeals and Extensions
• Appeals are submitted in the box in Ross -2
• Appeal form available via the internet
• Appeals should be submitted not later than
1 week after assignments are returned
• Extensions are possible in special cases (I.e.,
miluim, childbirth, etc.).
• Ask for the extension before the due date
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Course BooksCourse Books
• Database Management Systems, by Raghu
Ramakrishnan
• Principles of Database and Knowledge-
Base Systems, Volumes I and II, by Jeffery
Ullman (essentially chapter 7 concerning
Design Theory)
• Oracle 8i: The Complete Reference, by
Kevin Loney and George Koch
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Entity-Relationship DiagramsEntity-Relationship Diagrams
Database Course, Fall 2004
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ScenarioScenario
• http://www.imdb.com wants to store information about movies
• One of the steps:– Conceptual Database Design: High level
description of data to be stored (ER model)
– Logical Database Design: Translation of ER diagram to a relational database schema (description of tables)
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Example RequirementsExample Requirements• http://www.imdb.com wants to store information about films
• For actors and directors, we want to store their name, a unique identification number, address and birthday
• For actors, we also want to store a photography
• For films, we want to store the title, year of production and type
• We want to know who directed and who acted in each film. Every film has one director. We store the salary of each actor for each film
• An actor can receive an award for his part in a film. We store information about who got which award for which film, along with the name of the award and year.
• We also store the name and telephone number of the organization who gave the award. Two different organizations can give an award with the same name. A single organization does not give more than one award with a particular name per year.
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Movie Person
ISA
Actor
id
name
address
birthday
picture Director
Filmyear
typetitle
Acted In Directedsalary
Award
Organization
Gives
year
name
name
phonenumber
Won
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Entities, Entity SetsEntities, Entity Sets
• Entity (ישות): An object in the world that
can be distinguished from other objects
• Entity set (קבוצת ישויות): A set of similar
entities
– Examples of entity sets:
Entity sets are drawn as rectangles
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AttributesAttributes
• Attributes (תכונות): Used to describe
entities
– All entities in the set have the same
attributes
– A minimal set of attributes that uniquely
identify an entity is called a key
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Attributes (2)Attributes (2)
• Examples of attributes:
Attributes are drawn using ovals
The names of the attributes which
make up a key are underlined
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ExampleExample
Actorid
name address
birthday
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Another Option for a Key?Another Option for a Key?
Actorid
name address
birthday
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Relationships, Relationship SetsRelationships, Relationship Sets
• Relationship (קשר): Association among two or more entities– Relationships may have attributes
• Relationship Set ( קשרים Set of :(קבוצתsimilar relationships– Examples of Relationship sets:
Relationship sets are drawn using diamonds
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ExampleExample
Actorid
name
address
birthday
Acted In Film
title
type
year
salaryWhere does the salary
attribute belong?
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Recursive RelationshipsRecursive Relationships
Employeeid
name
address
phone number
Manages
• An entity set can participate more than once in a relationship
• In this case, we add a description of the role to the ER-diagram
manager
worker
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nn-ary Relationship-ary Relationship
• An n-ary relationship R set involves exactly n
entity sets: E1, …, En.
• Each relationship in R involves exactly n
entities: e1 E1, …, en En
• Formally, R E1x …x En
Actorid
name
Produced Film title
Directorid name
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Another Option: Another Option: Remember Recursive Remember Recursive
RelationshipsRelationships
Person
id
name
titleproduce
d Film
director
actor
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Binary vs. Trinary Binary vs. Trinary RelationshipRelationship
קורסמרצה לימד
שם קורס שם מרצה מספר קטלוגימס זהות
שם מוסדמוסד
קורסמרצה
לימד ב
שם קורס שם מרצה מספר קטלוגימס זהות
מוסד
שם מוסד
לימד את
ניתן ב
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Important NoteImportant Note
id
name
Actor Acted In Film title
• The entities in a relationship set identify the relationship
• Suppose we wanted to store the role of an actor in a film.
• How would we store information about a person who acted in one film in several roles?
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Key Constraints (Key Constraints ( אילוצי אילוצי((מפתחמפתח
• Key constraints specify whether an entity can
participate in one, or more than one, relationships in
a relationship set
• When there is no key constraint, an entity can
participate any number of times
• When there is a key constraint, the entity can
participate at most one time
Key constraints are drawn using an arrow from the
entity set to the relationship set
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One-to-ManyOne-to-Many
A film is directed by at most one director
A director can direct any number of films
Directorid
name
Directed Film title
Director Directed Film
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Many-to-ManyMany-to-Many
A film is directed by any number of directors
A director can direct any number of films
Directorid
name
Directed Film title
Director Directed Film
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One-to-OneOne-to-One
A film is directed by at most one director
A director can direct at most one film
Directorid
name
Directed Film title
Director Directed Film
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Another ExampleAnother Example
Personid
name
age
FatherOf
Where would you put the arrow?
father
child
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Another ExampleAnother Example
Personid
name
age
FatherOf
father
child
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Key Constraints in Key Constraints in Ternary RelationshipsTernary Relationships
Directorid
name
produced Film title
Actorid name
What does this mean?
A film has at most one actor and one director
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Participation Constraints Participation Constraints השתתפות השתתפות אילוצי ((((אילוצי
• Participation constraints specify whether or not an entity must participate in a relationship set
• When there is no participation constraint, it is possible that an entity will not participate in a relationship set
• When there is a participation constraint, the entity must participate at least once
Participation constraints are drawn using a thick line from the entity set to the relationship set
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Example (1)Example (1)
• A film has at least one director
• A director can direct any number of films
Directorid
name
Directed Film title
Director Directed Film
Do you think that there
should be a participation constraint
from Director to Directed?
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Example (2)Example (2)
• We can combine key and participation constraints.
• What does this diagram mean?
Directorid
name
Directed Film title
A film has exactly one director.
A director manages at least one film.
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Weak Entity SetsWeak Entity Sets
• Weak entity sets are entity sets that are
not uniquely identified by their
attributes
• A weak entity set has an "identifying
relationship“ ( זיהוי with an entity (תלות
set that is the "identifying owner“
( המזהה of the weak entity set (הבעלים
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Weak Entity SetsWeak Entity Sets
A weak entity set must:– participate fully in the identifying
relationship ( a thick line)
– participate in a one to many relationship with the identifying owner ( an arrow)
Weak entity sets have a thick rectangle, their keys are underlined with a broken line, and the identifying relationship has a thick diamond
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Example (1)Example (1)
Award
Organization
Gives
year
name
name
phonenumber
Won
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2 Reasons Why Not:2 Reasons Why Not:
Award
year
org_name
name
phonenumber
Won
• other relationships with the entity set organization
• 2 phone numbers for the same organization!
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ExampleExample
Booktitle
author
isbn
Copy
copy number condition
Copy Of
Borrowed
Person
id
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What if We Store What if We Store Information About Many Information About Many
Libraries?Libraries?
Booktitle
author
isbn
Copy
copy number condition
Copy Of
Borrowed
Person
id
Owned ByLibraryname
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ISA HierarchiesISA Hierarchies
ISA Relationships: Define a hierarchy
between entity sets
– ISA is similar to inheritance
ISA relationships are drawn as a triangle
with the word ISA inside it. The "super
entity-set" is above the triangle and the
"sub entity-sets" are below
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ExampleExample
What are the keys of:
1. Movie Person
2. Actor
3. Director
Movie Person
ISA
Actor
id
name
address
birthday
picture Director
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Overlap ConstraintsOverlap Constraints
• Overlap constraints: Determine
whether two sub-entity sets can
contain the same entity
– Example: Can an Actor be a Director?
Write "Actor OVERLAPS Director". If not
written, assume no overlap
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Covering ConstraintsCovering Constraints
• Covering constraints: Determine
whether every entity in the super-entity
set is also in at least one of the sub-
entity sets
– Example: Is every movie person either an
Actor or a Director?
Write "Actor AND Director COVER Movie
Person". If not written, assume no covering
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child Person Married
name id
ParentOf
parent woman
man
ExampleExample
Is this good?
A man can be married to a man and a woman to a woman!
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ExampleExample
Person
ISA
Man Woman
ParentOf
Married
Child
Parent name
id
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AggregationAggregation
• Aggregation: Allows us to indicate
that a relationship set participates in a
relationship set
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ExampleExample
Actorpicture
Filmyear
typetitle
Acted Insalary
Award
Won
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2 Reason Why Not:2 Reason Why Not:
Actorpicture
Filmyear
typetitle
Acted Insalary
Award
• Each film has received at least one award
• Each actor has received at least one award
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1 Reason Why Not:1 Reason Why Not:
Actorpicture
Filmyear
typetitle
Acted Insalary
AwardWon
The same award can be granted to an actor A and to a film F although the actor A has not acted in the film F.