1

Chapter 1Introduction to Human

Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 1Introduction to Human

Anatomy and Physiology

2

Levels of Organization

• Subatomic Particles• Electrons, protons, neutrons

• Atom• Hydrogen atom, lithium atom

• Molecule• Water molecule, glucose molecule

• Macromolecule• Protein molecule, DNA molecule

3

• Organelle

• Mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus

Levels of Organization

• Cell• Muscle cell, nerve cell

• Tissue• Simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue

4

• Organ • skin, femur, heart,

kidney

Levels of Organization

• Organ System• skeletal system, digestive system

• Organism•human

5

Levels of Organization

6

• Cell membrane• Controls what

moves in & out of cell

• Selectively permeable

Cells

7

• Cell membrane• Phospholipid bilayer

• Water-soluble “heads” form surfaces

– Hydrophilic• Water-insoluble “tails” form interior

– Hydrophobic• Permeable to lipid-

soluble substances

Cells

8

• Cell membrane

Cells

• Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane• Proteins

• receptors• pores, channels, carriers• enzymes• CAMS• self-markers

9

• Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cytoplasmic Organelles

• Connected, membrane-bound sacs, canals, & vesicles• Transport system

• Rough ER• Studded with ribosomes• Protein synthesis

• Smooth ER• Lipid synthesis

•Added to proteins arriving from rough ER

• Break down of drugs

10

• Ribosomes

Cytoplasmic Organelles

• Free floating or connected to ER

• Provide structural support

• Function in protein synthesis

11

• Golgi apparatus

Cytoplasmic Organelles

• Stack of flattened, membranous sacs

• Modifies, packages & delivers proteins

• Vesicles

• Membranous sacs that store substances

12

• Mitochondria

Cytoplasmic Organelles

• Generate ATP energy through cellular respiration

• Membranous sacs with inner partitions

13

Lysosomes• enzyme-containing

sacs• digest worn out cell

parts or unwanted substances

Centrosome• two rod-like

centrioles• used to produce cilia

and flagella• distributes

chromosomes during cell division

Cytoplasmic Organelles

Peroxisomes• enzyme-containing sacs• break down organic molecules

14

Cilia• short hair-like

projections• propel substances on

cell surface

Cytoplasmic Organelles

Flagellum• long tail-like projection• provides motility to sperm

15

• Control center of cell

Cell Nucleus

• Nuclear envelope• Porous double membrane• Separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm

• Nucleolus• Dense collection of RNA and proteins• Site of ribosome production

• Chromatin• Fibers of DNA and proteins• Stores information for synthesis of proteins

16

• Passive (Physical) Processes• Require no cellular

energy• Simple diffusion• Facilitated diffusion• Osmosis• Filtration

• Active (Physiological) Processes• Require cellular

energy• Active transport• Endocytosis• Exocytosis• Transcytosis

Movements Into and Out of the Cell

17

• Series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides

The Cell Cycle

• Stages • Interphase• Mitosis• Cytoplasmic division

18

• Cell grows• Cell maintains routine functions

Interphase

• Cell replicates genetic material to prepare for nuclear division• Cell synthesizes new organelles to prepare for cytoplasmic division

• Phases• G phases – cell grows and synthesizes structures other than DNA• S phase – cell replicates DNA

19

• Produces two daughter cells from an original somatic cell

• Nucleus divides – karyokinesis• Cytoplasm divides – cytokinesis

Mitosis

• Stages• Prophase – chromosomes form; nuclear envelope disappears• Metaphase – chromosomes align midway between centrioles• Anaphase – chromosomes separate and move to centrioles• Telophase – chromatin forms; nuclear envelope forms

20

• Also known as cytokinesis

• Begins during anaphase

• Continues through telophase

• Contractile ring pinches cytoplasm in half

Cytoplasmic Division

21

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy – study of structure (Greek – “a cutting up”)

Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”)

Structure is always related to function

22

Clinical ApplicationMedical Imaging

• Noninvasive procedures• Provide images of soft internal structures

Magnetic Resonance Imaging•Requires injection of dye•Produces computerized images from different angles

Ultrasonography •Use of high-frequency sound waves•Relatively quick and inexpensive

23

Characteristics of Life

Movement – change in position; motion

Responsiveness – reaction to a change

Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape

Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells

24

Characteristics of Life

Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids

Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms

25

Requirements of Organisms

Life depends on five environmental factors• Water• Food• Oxygen• Heat• Pressure

26

Requirements of Organisms

Water- Most abundant substance in body- Required for metabolic processes- Required for transport of substances- Regulates body temperature

Food- Provides necessary nutrients- Supplies energy- Supplies raw materials

27

Requirements of Organisms

Oxygen (Gas)- One-fifth of air- Used to release energy from nutrients

Heat- Form of energy - Partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

Pressure - Application of force on an object - Atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - Hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

28

Homeostasis

Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment

Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes

• Receptors • provide information about stimuli

• Control center• tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point)

• Effectors • elicit responses that change conditions in the internal environment

29

Homeostatic Mechanisms

30

31

32

Body Cavities

33

• Dorsal Cavity• Includes the skull and vertebral column

Body Cavities

• Ventral• Everything else• Subdivided into two parts

34

• Ventral Cavity• Thoracic cavity

Body Cavities

• Pleural cavity• contains lungs

• Mediastinum • contains everything in thorax but the lungs

• Pericardial cavity• contains heart

35

• Ventral Cavity• Abdominopelvic

cavity

Body Cavities

• Abdominal cavity• Stomach• Spleen• Liver,• Gall bladder• Pancreas• Small intestine • Most of large intestine

36

• Ventral Cavity• Abdominopelvic cavity

Body Cavities

• Pelvic cavity• Internal reproductive organs• Urinary bladder• Appendix• Some large intestine

37

Thoracic & Abdominal Membranes

Thoracic Membranes•Visceral pleura•Parietal pleura•Visceral pericardium•Parietal pericardium

Visceral layer – covers an organParietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall

Abdominopelvic Membranes•Parietal peritoneum•Visceral peritoneum

38

Serous Membranes

39

Serous Membranes

40

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward

Terms of Relative Position• Superior versus Inferior

• Anterior versus Posterior

• Medial versus Lateral

• Ipsilateral versus Contralateral• Proximal versus Distal• Superficial versus Peripheral

• Deep

41

Body Sections

• Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median / Parasagittal

• Transverse or Horizontal

• Coronal or Frontal

• Cross section, Oblique, Longitudinal

42

Body Sections

43

Body Sections

44

Body Sections

45

Abdominal Subdivisions

46

47

48

Body Regions