Post on 16-Jan-2016
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BAHAN- BAHAN KAJIAN
SISTEM PERTANIAN BERBASIS KEUNGULAN KOMPARATIF
SDA
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Agricultural science
Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences, that are used in the practice and
understanding of agriculture.
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Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of plants for human use.
Agriculture concerns techniques, including the application of agronomic research.
Agronomy is research and development related to studying and improving plant-based agriculture.
Agronomy is the science of utilizing plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber. To do this effectively and in a sustainable manner,
agronomy encompasses work in the areas of plant biology, plant genetics, plant physiology, ecology, chemistry, meteorology, earth
science and soil science.
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Agriculture is the production of food, feed, fiber and other goods by the systematic growing/harvesting of plants, animals
and other life forms.
A farm is an area of land, including various structures, devoted primarily to the practice of farming, the production and
management of food produce.
Farms may be owned and operated by a single individual, family, or community, or by a corporation or company. A farm can be a holding of any
size from a fraction of a hectare to several thousand hectares.
The term farming covers a wide spectrum of agricultural production work.
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
Agricultural sciences
Theoretical production
ecology
Food production and demand on a global basis
Prevention and correction of
adverse environmental
effects
Production techniques
Improving agricultural
productivity in terms of quantity
and quality
Transformation of primary
products into end-consumer
products
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Kompetensi siswa, hasil pembelajaran di sekolah-sekolah
Bahan kajian: Ilmu-ilmu Pertanian
AGRO-BOTANY
(Plant Sciences)
AGRO-SOCIOLOGY
Entre-preneur-
ship
Leader-ship
learning
AGRO-ECOLOGY
Research &
Development
Scientific Methods
AGRO-ECO-TECHNOLOGY
AGRO-ECONOMY
INTERNSHIP:……….
UJIAN KOMPETENSI SARJANA
SKRIPSI(BY RESEARCH)
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
Agricultural Disciplines:
Agricultural chemistry
Agricultural soil science
Agricultural philosophy
Agricultural engineering
Agri-cultural economics
Agricultural policy
Agro-ecology
Agronomy
Agricultural education
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
Agro-ecology
Agro-physics - chemistry
Recycling
Agro-Ecosystem
Climate change
and agriculture
Bio-diversity
Composting
Wastes m
anagement
Sustainable agriculture
Natural resources
Green residues
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
Agronomy is the science of utilizing
plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber.
Biology -Biotechnology
Agro-ecology
Agriculture soil science.
Meteorology & Climatology
Plant physiology
Plant genetics & breeding
Chemistry
Earth science
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Sustainable agricultureSustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmental stewardship, farm
profitability, and prosperous farming communities.
Sustainable agriculture refers to the ability of a farm to produce food indefinitely, without causing irreversible damage to ecosystem health.
Two key issues are biophysical (the long-term effects of various practices on soil properties and processes essential for crop productivity) and socio-economic (the long-term ability
of farmers to obtain inputs and manage resources such as labor).
Practices that can cause long-term damage to soil include excessive tillage (leading to erosion) and irrigation without adequate drainage (leading to accumulation of salt in the soil).
Any crops also depend on soil nutrients and the availability of water. When farmers grow and harvest crops, they remove some of these nutrients from the soil. Without
replenishment, the land would suffer from nutrient depletion and be unusable for further farming.
Sustainable agriculture depends on replenishing the soil while minimizing the use of non-renewable resources, such as natural gas (used in converting atmospheric nitrogen into
synthetic fertilizer), or mineral ores (e.g., phosphate).
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmental
stewardship, farm profitability, and prosperous farming communities.
environmental stewardship
Sustainable agriculture refers to the ability of a farm to produce food indefinitely, without causing irreversible damage to ecosystem health. Two key issues are biophysical (the long-term effects of various practices on soil
properties and processes essential for crop productivity) and socio-economic (the long-term ability of farmers to obtain inputs and manage
resources such as labor).
farm profit-ability
prosperous farming
communi-ties
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT
Development,
economic growth and
equity
Transform-ing traditional
agriculture: land and labor
Issues in Development
Theories of Development
Agricultural development
theories
Household-firm models.
Rational peasants
Surplus labor Technological
change
the role of agricul-ture in
develop-ment
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
AGRO-BOTANY: PLANT SCIENCE
Botany is the scientific study of plant life; it is also called plant science(s), phytology, or plant
biology.
Agronomy:
Application of plant
science to crop production
Plant
syste
mat
ics:
Class
ifica
tion
and
nam
ing
of
plan
ts
Plant ecology:
Role of plants in the
environment
Ethnobotany:
Relationship between humans
and plants
Economic botany:The place of plants in economics
Horticulture:
Cultivated plants
Plant morphology:Structure and life cycles
Plant physiology:Life functions of plants
Forestry:
AGRO-Forest management and related
studies
Phytochemistry:
Plant secondary chemistry and
chemical processes
Phytopathology:
Plant dise
ases
Palynology:Pollen and spores
Plant anatomy:Cell and tissue structure
Plant
genetics
Genetic
inheritance in
plants
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas
MEDIA TUMBUH
TANAMAN
TANAH
TANAH-AIR-TANAMAN
GROWTH FACTORS
HARA/ PUPUKAIR
GROWTH SUBSTANCES
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas
CROP ENVIRONMENT
The environment and crop production
systems
Trends in population growth and food supply
Farming systems and
their biological components
Relationship of pesticides to
Crop Productivity
and to Mankind
Environ-mental Factors
Influencing Crop
Performance
Crop Quality - Environment
Relationship
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas
AGRO-TEHNOLOGY(Agriculture Technology)
An innovative technology designed to render agricultural production
more efficient and profitable.
Soil preparation
The effects of
pollution
The factor of weather
Harvesting and crop
processing
Factors in cropping
Regional variations in technique
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT COMPETENCY
AREAS
IPM: PRINCIPLES
AND CONCEPT
WEED MANAGEMENT
CROP DISEASE MANAGEMENT
INSECT MANA-
GEMENT
PESTICIDE PERFORMANCE
AND APPLICATION
HEALTH, SAFETY, &
ENVIRONMENT STEWARDSHIP
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
Agricultural economics:
applied the principles of economics to the production of
crops
Econometrics
Natural resource &
environmental economics
International trade
Community and rural
development
International Development
Analysis of
markets and
competition
Production economics
Risk and uncertainty
Consumer behavior and
household economics
Labor economics
Rural socio
logy
Food safety &
nutritionAgribusiness
Marketing of
agricultural
products
Policy analysis
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
Managementin AGRO
The study of the efficient and effective operation of a business is called management.
The main branches of management are financia management, marketing
management, human resource management, strategic management, production management, service management,
information technology management, and business intelligence
Inter-national
trade
Business ethics, political economy, and philosophy of
business
Project management
Information
technology
management
Agri-Economics
Human
resource
management
Agri-FinanceAgric.
ProductionAgri-Business
law
Agri-Business
Corporate leaders
Accounting
Marketing
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
Rural sociologyRural sociology is a field of sociology associated with
the study of social life in non-metropolitan areas. It is the scientific study of social arrangements and behaviour amongst people distanced from points of
concentrated population or economic activity. Like any sociological discipline, rural sociology
involves the examination of statistical data, interviews, social theory, observation, survey
research, and many other techniques.Agri-business
Rural community develop-ment
Role homo-geneity
Diffusion of innovations
Rural exodus
Types of rural
communities
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Agroecology
Agroecology is the science of applying ecological concepts and principles to the design, development, and
management of sustainable agricultural systems.
Agroecology is the science of sustainable agriculture; the methods of agroecology have as their goal achieving
sustainability of agricultural systems balanced in all spheres. This includes the socio-economic and the
ecological or environmental.
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Ecology
Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and the interactions among organisms and between organisms and their
environment.
The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local
abiotic factors such as insolation (sunlight), climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms
that share its habitat.
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
Disciplines of ecologyEcology is a broad discipline
comprising many sub-disciplines.
Ecophysiology and Behavioral ecology examine
adaptations of the individual to environment
Landscape ecology examines processes and
relationship across multiple ecosystems or very large geographic
areas.
Ecosystem ecology studies the flows of energy and matter through the biotic
and abiotic components of
ecosystems.
Community ecology
(or synecology) focuses on the interactions
between species within an ecological
community.
Population ecology studies the
dynamics of populations of a single species.
Systems ecology is an
interdisciplinary field focusing on
the study, development, and
organization of ecological systems
from a holistic perspective.
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
AgribusinessIn agriculture, agribusiness is a generic term that refers to the various businesses involved in food
production, including farming, seed supply, agrichemicals, farm machinery, wholesale and distribution, processing, marketing, and retail
sales.
integrat
ed
farming
systems
cost of
servicing debt
water use efficiency
financial
instruments knowing your
products
management of
machinery and
stewardship investments.
knowing your
customers
knowing your
markets
herbicide / pesticides
resistance / pest management
collect and understand farm
information
nutrient audits
crop sequencing
/ crop rotation
ability to earn
and access off-
farm income
securing an acceptable
profit margin
satis
fyin
g
custo
mer
needs
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
BiotechnologyBiotechnology is technology based on
biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine.
Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes.
Improve yield from crops
Reduced vulnerability of
crops to environmental
stresses
Production of novel
substances in crop plants
Reduced dependence on
fertilizers, pesticides and
other agrochemicals
Increased nutritional qualities of food crops
Improved taste, texture
or appearance of food
Biological engineering
Bioremediation and
Biodegradation
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BUSINESS
In economics, “business” is the social science of managing people to organize and maintain collective productivity toward accomplishing
particular creative and productive goals, usually to generate profit.
The etymology of "business" refers to the state of being busy, in the context of the individual as well as the community or society.
In other words, to be busy is to be doing commercially viable and profitable work.
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
Agricultural policyAgricultural policy describes a set of laws relating to domestic
agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products. Governments usually implement agricultural policies with the
goal of achieving a specific outcome in the domestic agricultural product markets.
Outcomes can range from guaranteed supply level, price stability, product quality, product selection, land use or
employment.
Agriculture policy
concerns
Basic policy tools
Objectives of market interventio
n
Arguments against market
intervention
Developed world cases
World Trade
Organization Actions
Biosecurity
Poverty reduction
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BusinessIn economics, a business is a legally recognized
organizational entity existing within an economically free country designed to provide goods and/or services to
consumers.
The term "business" has at least three usages: the singular usage (a particular company or corporation), the generalized usage (refer to a particular market sector), the
broadest meaning (all activity by the community of suppliers of goods and services).
Manufacturers produce products,
from raw materials, which they then sell at a
profit. Financial businesses include banks that
generate profit through investment and management of
capital.
Retailers and Distributors act as middle-men in getting goods
produced by manufacturers to the intended consumer,
generating a profit as a result of providing sales or distribution
services.
Agriculture businesses are concerned
with the production of raw material, such as plants or animal.
Service businesses offer intangible goods or services and
typically generate a profit by charging for labor or other
services provided to government, other businesses or
consumers. Information businesses
generate profits primarily from
the resale of intellectual property .
Transportation businesses deliver
goods from location to location,
generating a profit on the transportation
cost
Utilities produce public services,
such as heat, electricity, or
sewage treatment, and are usually
government chartered.
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
Agronomists today are involved with many issues including producing food, creating
healthier food, managing environmental impacts, and creating energy from plants.
Agronomists often specialize in areas such as:
Irrigation and drainage
and other areas…...
Fertilizer &soil fertility
plant breeding
crop rotation
Agricul-ture soil science
insect and pest control
weed control
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
MarketingMarketing is a societal process that is needed to
discern consumers' wants; focusing on a product/service to those wants, and to mold the
consumers toward the products/services. The marketing teams (Marketers) have the task to
create the consumer awareness of the products/services through marketing techniques.
Advertising and Branding
Market Research
Direct Marketing
Strategic Management
Database Marketing
Communicatio
ns
Public Relations
Industrial
marketing
Internet Marketing
Events Organization
International Marketing
Search Engine
Marketing
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MarketingA market-focused (or customer-focused) organization first determines what its potential
customers desire, and then builds the product or service.
Marketing theory and practice is justified in the belief that customers use a product or service because they have a need, or because it provides a perceived benefit.
Two major factors of marketing are the recruitment of new customers (acquisition) and the retention and expansion of relationships with existing customers (base management).
Once a marketer has converted the prospective buyer, base management marketing takes over.
The process for base management shifts the marketer to building a relationship, nurturing the links, enhancing the benefits that sold the buyer in the first place, and improving the product/service continuously to protect the business from competitive
encroachments.
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MARKETING
For a marketing plan to be successful, the mix of the four "Ps" must reflect the wants and desires of the consumers in the target market.
Trying to convince a market segment to buy something they don't want is extremely expensive and seldom successful.
Marketers depend on marketing research, both formal and informal, to determine what consumers want and what they are willing to pay for it.
Marketers hope that this process will give them a sustainable competitive advantage.
Marketing management is the practical application of this process. The offer is also an important addition to the 4P's theory.
Marketing methods are informed by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Market research underpins these
activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts.
Marketing is a wide and heavily interconnected subject with extensive publications. It is also an area of activity infamous for re-inventing itself and its
vocabulary according to the times and the culture.
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FarmA farm is an area of land, including various structures, devoted
primarily to the practice of farming, the production and management of food, either produce or livestock (also ranching). It is the basic
production facility in food production.Farms may be owned and operated by a single individual, family, or
community, or by a corporation or company. A farm can be a holding of any size from a fraction of a hectare to several thousand hectares.A market garden or truck farm is a farm that raises vegetables, but
little or no grain. Additional specialty farms include fish farms, which raise fish in captivity as a food source, and tree farms, which grow
trees for sale for transplant, lumbering, or decorative use. A plantation is usually a large farm or estate, on which cotton,
tobacco, coffee, or sugar cane, are cultivated, usually by resident laborers.
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS
FarmingThe term farming covers a wide spectrum of agricultural
production work. The goal of farming was to create a profit, and to produce an
amount of cultivated PLANTS. The resulting harvest has more worth than the cost of planting . The costs could include the
acquisition of seeds as well as the time and energy required to tend to such a venture. The resulting product is often used to sustain those who farm as both a food to eat and a commodity
to sell. An increase in the price of food that occurs as a result of increased demand from human consumption and use as an
alternative energy.
Types of farming:
Collective farming
Integrated farrming
Organic farming
Vertical farming
Factory farming
Intensive farming
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ASSESSMENT OF COMPETENCY AREAS
AGRICULTURE COMMUNICATION
Scientific Communica
tions in Agriculture
Development of
Agricultural Publications
Web Design in
Agricultural
Sciences
Communicating
Agriculture to
the
Public
Digital
Communications in
Agriculture
Video Production
in Agriculture
Knowledge Management
in Agriculture
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Social institution
Institutions are structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set
of individuals. Institutions are identified with a social purpose and
permanence, transcending individual human lives and intentions, and with the making and enforcing of rules
governing cooperative human behavior. S.I. is a group of social positions, connected by social
relations, performing a social role.
Institutional memory is a collective of facts, concepts, experiences and know-
how held by a group of people.
Corporate Memory (CM) can
be defined as the total body of data, information and
knowledge required to deliver the
strategic aims and objectives of an organization.
Institutional knowledge is
gained by organizations
translating historical data
into useful knowledge and
wisdom
Corporate culture:
the specific collection of values and norms that are shared by
people and groups in an organization and that control the way
they interact with each other and with
stakeholders outside the organization.
Knowledge M
anagemen
t
('KM') c
omprises
a range o
f
practices
used by organisa
tions
to iden
tify, cr
eate, re
presen
t,
and distrib
ute knowled
ge.
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SCIENCEScience in the broadest sense, refers to any systematic knowledge or practice. In a more restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research.
Fields of science are commonly classified along two major lines: Natural sciences, which study natural phenomena (including biological life),
and Social sciences, which study human behavior and societies.
Etymology
Fields of science
Mathematics & the scientific
method
Scientific institutions
Ethics and science
Scientific method Philosophy of
science
Media & scientific
publication Scientific literature
ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas
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Scientific Method
Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge,
as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
It is based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning, the collection of data through observation
and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.
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The basic Elements of
Scientific- Method:
Observation. A constant feature of scientific inquiry, observation includes both
unconditioned observations (prior to any theory) as well as the observation of the
experiment and its results.
Time-order relationship. The hypothesized causes must precede
the observed effects in time. Identification of causes. Identification of the causes of a particular phenomenon to the best achievable extent.
For cause-and-effect relationship to be
established, the following must be established:
Control. Actively and fairly sampling the range of possible
occurrences, whenever possible and proper, as opposed to the
passive acceptance of opportunistic data, is the best
way to control or counterbalance the risk of
empirical bias.
Description. Information derived from experiments must be reliable, i.e., replicable (repeatable), as well as valid (relevant to the inquiry).
Prediction. Information must be valid for observations past, present, and future of given phenomena, i.e., purported "one shot" phenomena do not give rise to the capability to predict, nor to the ability to repeat
an experiment.
Covariation of events. The hypothesized causes must
correlate with observed effects. However, correlations between
events or variables are not necessarily indicative of causation.
ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY
AREAS
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Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies that test
these hypotheses for accuracy.
Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many hypotheses together in a coherent structure.
This in turn may assist in the formation of new hypotheses, as well as in placing groups of hypotheses into a broader
context of understanding.
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas
RESEARCHre·search: a detailed study of a subject,
especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding.
Research is a human activity based on intellectual investigation and aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising human
knowledge on different aspects of the world.
Scientific research relies on the application of the scientific method, a harnessing of curiosity. This research provides
scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and the properties of humans.
Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process.
The following steps are usually part of most formal research :
Conclusion, iteration if necessary
Operational definitions
Conceptual definitions
Hypo-thesisFormation of the
topic
Analysis of data
Test, revising of hypothesis
Gathering of data
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TECHNOLOGYTechnology is a broad concept that deals with a species'
usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt to its environment.
In human society, it is a consequence of science and engineering, although several technological advances
predate the two concepts.
A strict definition is elusive; "technology" can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but can also encompass broader
themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques.
The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: "construction technology", “agriculture
tehnology”, "medical technology", or "state-of-the-art technology".
Definition and usage Science,
engineering and technology
Theories and concepts
in technology
Role in human history
Technology and
philosophy
Economics of
technology
ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
The phrase research and development (R&D), refers to "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new
applications”.
In an industry that is fast changing, firms must continually revise their design and range of products. This is necessary due to continuous
technology change and development as well as other competitors and the changing preference of customers.
A system driven by marketing is one that puts the customer needs first, and only produces goods, which are known to sell. Market research is carried
out, which establishes what is needed. If the development is technology driven then it is a matter of selling what it is possible to make. The
product range is developed so that production processes are as efficient as possible and the products are technically superior, hence possessing a
natural advantage in the market place.
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas
Information Technology and
Society—the Promise and
Reality.
Spatial-Visual Data and Tools in the
Applied AGRICUL-
TURAL Sciences
Systems Thinking and Dynamic Modeling in
Decision-Science
Executive Communications:
ICT (Information and CommunicationsTechnology) for
Leaders, Consultants, and Advocates.
Knowledge Management (KM): Building
Communities of Practice and
Using Technology to Foster Collaboration and
Teamwork withinOrganizations.
Transforming Data into Knowledge for
Decision-making: Non-spatial
and Statistical Data, Databases, and
Application Tools.
I.C.T.
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What is Undergraduate Research ?
An inquiry or investigation conducted by an undergraduate student that makes an original, intellectual, or creative contribution to the discipline
Research contributes to an expansion of knowledge through inquiry, investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery of facts, theories, or laws.
Undergraduate research requires an educational collaboration between students and faculty members.
Research experiences may be initiated by students who seek out faculty supervision for their projects or by faculty members who involve undergraduate students in their
research teams.
Research can culminate in a written or oral presentation as a means of making the body of academic knowledge or creative exploration accessbile to other investigators in the
field, as well as to the general public.
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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas
Research is an ORGANIZED and
SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to QUESTIONS. ORGANIZED in that there
is a structure or method in going about doing research. It is a planned procedure,
not a spontaneous one. It is focused and limited to a
specific scope.
SYSTEMATIC because there is a definite set of
procedures and steps which you will follow. There are
certain things in the research process which are always
done in order to get the most accurate results.
QUESTIONS are central to research. If there is no
question, then the answer is of no use. Research is focused on relevant, useful, and important questions. Without a question, research has no focus, drive, or
purpose
FINDING ANSWERS is the end of all research. Whether
it is the answer to a hypothesis or even a simple
question, research is successful when we find answers. Sometimes the
answer is no, but it is still an answer.
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The Importance of Research
in Decision-Making
Decisions are made by managers every day. Ideally, such decisions would be made on the basis of evidence thoughtfully and appropriately gathered. The more important the decisions and their impact,
the more important the research becomes.
Consider how we make decisions:
Randomly; Intuition Mystical guidance
Hear-say; Authority Evidence gathered by another Evidence gathered by self or
colleagues
Applied research is designed to help solve particular, existing problems so there is a much larger audience eager to support
research that is likely to be profitable or solve problems of immediate concern.
Much agriculture research on plant breeding with considerable impact is a good example.
Basic research is designed to advance knowledge with no application to
existing problems in view. Basic research in any field is usually
borrowed from other subject disciplines.
ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas
If you use evidence gathered by others, research methods
experience and knowledge is useful because it gives you rules
or guidelines helpful in evaluating the quality and utility of
evidence gathered by another.
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The VALUE of Research
How you will benefit from knowing how to do good research.
As a psychologist: Research is the source of psychological knowledge and although the content of psychology changes, the
methods stay the same.
As an educated person, knowing about research will give you the ability to: collect data that will answer questions; Analyze and
attack problems; and Communicate your approach to a problem and your conclusions.
C. As someone who may be entering the workforce, the ability to collect, analyze, think about, and communicate about data will probe very marketable and useful in today's information age.
ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas
The need for good knowledge
How can research produce good knowledge?
A. Addressing the problem of measuring variables
B. Internal validityC. External validity
What is good knowledge? 1. Objective
2. Replicable (repeatable) 3. Communicable
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BUSINESS
A commercial activity engaged in as a means of livelihood or profit, or an
entity which engages in such activities.
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HOW TO START A BUSINESS
?
2: The Business Plan
11: Buying a B
usiness
or Fra
nchise
3: Computer Tools
1: Evaluating
Business Potential
12: Opening and
Marketing
ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas
4: Busin
ess O
rganiza
tion
7: Location
and Leasing
13: Expanding
and Problems
14: Inter-nation
al Trade
5: Lice
nses &
Permits
8: Account-ing and
Cash Flow
6: Business
Insurance
9: How to Finance
Your Business
10: E-Commerce
Business
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Soft skills
is a sociological term which refers to the cluster of personality traits, social graces, facility with language, personal habits, friendliness, and optimism that
mark people to varying degrees. Soft skills complement hard skills, which are the technical requirements of a job.
Personal Qualities:
Responsibility, self-esteem, sociability, self-management, Integrity/honesty.
Interpersonal Skills:Participates as a member of the Team
Teaches others Serves Client / Customers ; Exercises Leadership
Negotiates ; Works with cultural diversity.
ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas
52
Skills, Most Sought After by Employers
Communications Skills (listening, verbal, written).
By far, the one skill mentioned most often by employers is the ability to listen, write, and speak effectively. Successful communication is critical in business.
Teamwork. Because so many jobs involve working in one or more work-
groups, you must have the ability to work with others in a professional manner while attempting to achieve a common goal.
Problem-Solving/Reasoning/ Creativity. Involves the ability to find solutions to problems using your creativity, reasoning, and
past experiences along with the available information and resources.
Analytical/Research Skills. Deals with your ability to assess a situation, seek multiple
perspectives, gather more information if necessary, and identify key issues that need to be addressed.
Computer/Technical Literacy. Almost all jobs now require some basic understanding of
computer hardware and software, especially word processing, spreadsheets, and e-mail.
Flexibility/Adaptability/Managing Multiple Priorities. Deals with your ability to manage multiple assignments and
tasks, set priorities, and adapt to changing conditions and work assignments.
Multicultural Sensitivity/Awareness. There is possibly no bigger issue in the workplace than diversity, and job-seekers must demonstrate a sensitivity and awareness to
other people and cultures.
Planning/Organizing. Deals with your ability to design, plan, organize, and implement projects and tasks within
an allotted timeframe. Also involves goal-setting.
Interpersonal Abilities. The ability to relate to your co-workers, inspire others to
participate, and mitigate conflict with co-workers is essential given the amount of time spent at work each day.
Leadership/Management Skills. While there is some debate about whether leadership is something people are born with, these skills
deal with your ability to take charge and manage your co-workers.
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Honesty/Integrity/Morality. Employers probably respect personal integrity more than
any other value, especially in light of the many recent corporate scandals.
Self-Motivated/Ability to Work With Little or No Supervision.
While teamwork is always mentioned as an important skill, so is the ability to work independently, with minimal supervision.
Dedication/Hard-Working/Work Ethic/Tenacity. Employers seek job-seekers who love what they do and will keep
at it until they solve the problem and get the job done.
Adaptability/Flexibility. Deals with openness to new ideas and concepts, to working
independently or as part of a team, and to carrying out multiple tasks or projects.
Dependability/Reliability/Responsibility. There’s no question that all employers desire employees who will arrive to work every day - on time -
and ready to work, and who will take responsibility for their actions.
Positive Attitude/Motivation/ Energy/Passion. The job-seekers who get hired and the employees who get promoted
are the ones with drive and passion -- and who demonstrate this enthusiasm through their words and actions.
Personal Values Employers Seek in Employees The 10 most important categories of values.
Loyalty. Employers want employees who will have a strong devotion to
the company -- even at times when the company is not necessarily loyal to its employees.
Willingness to Learn. No matter what your age, no matter how much experience you
have, you should always be willing to learn a new skill or technique. Jobs are constantly changing and evolving, and you
must show an openness to grow and learn with that change.
Self-Confidence. Look at it this way: if you don’t believe in yourself, in your unique mix of skills, education, and abilities, why should a
prospective employer? Be confident in yourself and what you can offer employers.
Professionalism. Deals with acting in a responsible and fair manner in all your
personal and work activities, which is seen as a sign of maturity and self-confidence; avoid being petty.
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THE STATE OF E-LEARNING:
Instructional content or learning experiences delivered or enabled by computer-based technology.
DEVELOPING SOFT SKILLS
Personal and interpersonal behaviors that develop and maximize human performance
(e.g., coaching, team building, decision making, initiative).
Improving Learning
Efficiency
E-learning might reduce
long-term costs for learners.
E-learning increases the need
to demonstrate impact
Maximizing Impact and
Integration
Extending Global Reach
E-learning can improve
the quality of the learning
experience.
ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas
Responding to Demand
E-learning promotesparticipation in
learning activities.