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Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, and Virtual Reality

Chapter 7

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Artificial Intelligence

People, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate characteristics of intelligence

Test for AIUnable to tell whether you are

interacting with a computer or human

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The Nature of Intelligence

Learn from experience & apply the knowledge Handle complex situations Solve problems when important information is

missing Determine what is important React quickly and correctly to new situations Understand visual images Process and manipulate symbols Be creative and imaginative Use heuristics (rules of thumb)

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Natural and Artificial Intelligence

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Conceptual Model of AI

www.robocup.org

Handwriting recognition: http://members.aol.com/Trane64/java/JRec.html

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Expert System Characteristics

Can explain their reasoning or suggested decisions

Can display “intelligent” behavior Can draw conclusions from complex

relationships Can provide portable knowledge Can deal with uncertainty

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Expert System Limitations

Not widely used or tested Difficult to use Limited to relatively narrow problems Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge Possibility of error Cannot refine own knowledge base Difficult to maintain May have high development costs Raise legal and ethical concerns

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Components of an Expert System

Backward chainingForward chainingComparison of backward

and forward chaining

Assembling human expertsThe use of fuzzy logicThe use of rulesThe use of cases

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Rules

Whale Watcher demo http://www.aiinc.ca/dem

os/whale.html JESS and the Sticks

game http://herzberg.ca.sandi

a.gov/jess/ Other demos

http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~mariopi/AIDemos.html

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Knowledge Acquisition Facility

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Expert System Development Process

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Participants in Expert System Development

Recognize the real problemDevelop a general framework for problem solvingFormulate theories about the situationDevelop and use general rules to solve a problemKnow when to break the rules or general principlesSolve problems quickly and efficiently

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Expert Systems Development Alternatives

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When to Use Expert Systems

High payoff Preserve scarce expertise Distribute expertise Provide more consistency than

humans Faster solutions than humans Training expertise

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Applications of Expert System and Artificial Intelligence Credit granting and loan analysis Stock Picking Catching cheats and terrorists Budgeting Information management and retrieval Games Virus detection Hospitals and medical facilities

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Virtual Reality

A system that enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment

Head mounted display

Data glove

Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM)

CAVE

Haptic interface, aka force feedback

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Wearable computers / Augmented Reality

Computers worn as part of clothing, jewellery, etc.

Computers are always present Context-aware: Senses where the

user is, what is happening MIT Media labs

http://www.media.mit.edu/wearables/mithril/

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VR Applications

Medicine used to link stroke patients to physical

therapists Education and training

used by military for aircraft maintenance Entertainment

CGI The Matrix Reloaded, Star Wars, LOTR

Real Estate Marketing and Tourism Used to increase real estate sales Virtual reality tour of the White House

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Other Specialized Systems

Segway Personal Transporter

Adaptive brain interface technology

Personal awareness assistant (PAA)

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Coming up

ThursdayTutorial 8Lab 7 due

TuesdayS&R Chapter 8Database design due