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© Cambridge International Examinations 2015
Version 2
Contents
How to use this guide ....................................................................................................... 3Section 1: How will you be tested?Section 2: Examination adviceSection 3: What will be tested?Section 4: What you need to knowSection 5: Appendices
Section 1: How will you be tested? ..................................................................................... 5About the papersAbout the theory papersAbout the practical papers
Section 2: Examination advice ............................................................................................. 9General advicePaper 1 and Paper 2 advicePaper 3 and Paper 4 advicePaper 5 and Paper 6 advice
Section 3: What will be tested? ......................................................................................... 13
Section 4: What you need to know ................................................................................... 15How to use the table
Section 5: Appendices ....................................................................................................... 47Symbols, units and defi nitions of physical quantitiesCommand words and phrasesMathematical skills
How to use this guide
3Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
How to use this guide
The guide describes what you need to know about your Cambridge IGSCE Physics examination. It will help you to plan your revision programme for the written examinations and will explain what we are looking for in the answers you write. It can also be used to help you to revise by using the tick boxes in Section 4, ‘What you need to know’, to check what you know and which topic areas of Physics you have covered.
The guide contains the following sections:
Section 1: How will you be tested?This section will give you information about the different types of theory and practical examination papers that are available.
Section 2: Examination adviceThis section gives you advice to help you do as well as you can. Some of the ideas are general advice and some are based on the common mistakes that learners make in exams.
Section 3: What will be tested?This section describes the areas of knowledge, understanding and skills that we will test you on.
Section 4: What you need to knowThis shows the syllabus in a simple way so that you can check
• the topics you need to know about
• how the Extended syllabus (Supplement) differs from the Core syllabus
• details about each topic in the syllabus
• how much of the syllabus you have covered
Section 5: AppendicesThis section covers other things you need to know such as:
• symbols, units and defi nitions of physical quantities
• the importance of the command words we use in examination papers
• information about the mathematical skills you need
Not all the information will be relevant to you. For example, you will need to select what you need to know in Sections 1 and 4 by fi nding out from your teacher which examination papers you will be taking.
Section 1: How will you be tested?
5Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
Section 1: How will you be tested?
About the papersYou will be entered for three examination papers, two theory papers and one practical paper.
You will need to ask your teacher which practical paper you are taking. Nearer the time of the examination, you will also need to ask which theory papers you are being entered for. If your teacher thinks that you should enter for the examination based on the Core syllabus, you will take Paper 1, Paper 3 and one of the practical papers (5 or 6). If your teacher thinks that you should enter for the examination based on the Extended syllabus, you will take Paper 2, Paper 4 and one of the practical papers (5 or 6). Whether you take Paper 2 or 3 will depend on the progress your teacher thinks you have made and which paper best suits your particular strengths. You should discuss this with your teacher.
All learners are assessed on practical work. This is by taking either Paper 5 or Paper 6. You should check with your teacher which paper you are to take.
About the theory papersThe table gives you information about the theory papers
Paper number
How long is the paper?
What’s in the paper? What’s the % of the total examination?
Paper 1 (Core)
45 minutes 40 multiple-choice questions. You choose one answer you consider correct from four possible answers.
30% (you do either Paper 1 or Paper 2)
Paper 2 (Extended)
45 minutes 40 multiple-choice questions. You choose one answer you consider correct from four possible answers.
30% (you do either Paper 1 or Paper 2)
Paper 3 (Core)
1 hour 15 minutes Short-answer and structured questions. You should write your answers in the spaces provided. The paper tests topics in the Core syllabus.
50% (you do either Paper 3 or Paper 4)
Paper 4 (Extended)
1 hour 15 minutes Short-answer and structured questions. You should write your answers in the spaces provided. The paper tests topics in the Extended syllabus.
50% (you do either Paper 3 or Paper 4)
Total 80%
Section 1: How will you be tested?
6 Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
About the practical papersTwenty percent of the marks for Cambridge IGCSE Physics are for practical work. Practical work is based on experimental skills.
You will do one of the practical papers shown in the table. Your teacher will tell you which practical paper you will do.
Paper number and type
How long is the paper?
What’s in the test/paper?
Paper 5 Practical Test
1 hour 15 minutes A practical exam which is supervised by a teacher. There are usually four questions, three of which you will need to use apparatus.
Paper 6 Alternative to Practical
1 hour A written paper about practical work. There are usually four questions which test the same skill areas as Paper 5.
Total 20%
Practical papersHere is some more detail about each of the Practical Papers. If you are unsure of anything, ask your teacher.
Experimental skills tested in Paper 5: Practical Test and Paper 6: Alternative to Practical
You may be asked questions on the following experimental contexts:
• measurement of physical quantities such as length or volume or force
• cooling and heating
• springs and balances
• timing motion or oscillations
• electric circuits
• optics equipment such as mirrors, prisms and lenses
• procedures using simple apparatus, in situations where the method may not be familiar to you.
You may be required to do the following:
• use, or describe the use of, common techniques, apparatus and materials, for example ray-tracing equipment or the connection of electric circuits
• select the most appropriate apparatus or method for a task and justify the choice made
• draw, complete or label diagrams of apparatus
• explain the manipulation of the apparatus to obtain observations or measurements, for example:
– when determining a derived quantity, such as the extension per unit load for a spring
– when testing/identifying the relationship between two variables, such as between the p.d. across a wire and its length
– when comparing physical quantities, such as two masses using a balancing method
Section 1: How will you be tested?
7Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
• make estimates or describe outcomes which demonstrate their familiarity with an experiment, procedure or technique
• take readings from an appropriate measuring device or from an image of the device (for example thermometer, rule, protractor, measuring cylinder, ammeter, stopwatch), including:
– reading analogue and digital scales with accuracy and appropriate precision
– interpolating between scale divisions when appropriate
– correcting for zero errors, where appropriate
• plan to take a suffi cient number and range of measurements, repeating where appropriate to obtain an average value
• describe or explain precautions taken in carrying out a procedure to ensure safety or the accuracy of observations and data, including the control of variables
• identify key variables and describe how, or explain why, certain variables should be controlled
• record observations systematically, for example in a table, using appropriate units and to a consistent and appropriate degree of precision
• process data, using a calculator where necessary
• present and analyse data graphically, including the use of best-fi t lines where appropriate, interpolation and extrapolation, and the determination of a gradient, intercept or intersection
• draw an appropriate conclusion, justifying it by reference to the data and using an appropriate explanation
• comment critically on a procedure or point of practical detail and suggest an appropriate improvement
• evaluate the quality of data, identifying and dealing appropriately with any anomalous results
• identify possible causes of uncertainty, in data or in a conclusion
• plan an experiment or investigation including making reasoned predictions of expected results and suggesting suitable apparatus and techniques.
Section 2: Examination advice
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Section 2: Examination advice
This section highlights some common mistakes made by learners. They are collected under various subheadings to help you when you revise a particular topic.
General advice• Read the questions carefully and fully.
• Look for details that indicate how to answer or the depth of answer required. For example the question ‘Describe, in terms of the movement and energies of the water molecules, how evaporation takes place’ is allocated two marks on a paper. This shows that you must make two valid points and you must refer to movement and energy of the molecules. So wording such as ‘some molecules have more energy than others and these leave the surface’ will gain both marks.
• Make sure you are confi dent with your calculator – particularly using powers of 10.
• Always show your working in calculations so that you can gain marks for your method even if you make a mistake with the fi nal answer.
• Always include units where appropriate.
• Avoid vague descriptions – try to write clearly and concisely using the correct physics terms.
• Use a sharp pencil for graph work, taking care to plot each point with a small, neat cross and to draw a thin best fi t line.
• At the end of a calculation ask yourself ‘is this answer sensible?’
• Make sure you answer the question set. You will gain no marks for merely repeating the facts given in the question.
Paper 1 and Paper 2 adviceThis is the multiple-choice test.
• Work through the paper with care. Do not miss out a question for any reason – you may then start placing your answers in the wrong places.
• Do not attempt to look for any pattern, or any lack of pattern in the answers. In other words, do not worry about how many questions have been answered A, B, C or D and do not worry about the distribution of As, Bs, Cs and Ds.
Paper 3 and Paper 4 adviceThese are the papers that test your knowledge and understanding of physics theory and the ability to apply your knowledge to situations described on the paper. The following includes some tips on how to read the questions and advice on particular items in the syllabus that often seem to be poorly understood or applied. (This does not mean that other parts of the syllabus require any less revision of course!).
Section 2: Examination advice
10 Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
Reading the questions• It is very easy when presented with a diagram question to look at the diagram and then try to answer
the question. You must read and understand the introductory sentences above the diagram fi rst before trying to answer the question. There may be a part of the question near the end which requires you to use a piece of information that is included in the introductory sentences in your answer.
• Be careful how you answer your questions. An explanation of some physics (even if correct) that does not answer the question set does not score marks.
• If there are three marks available for a calculation, two of the three marks are for showing your working.
• If a question states ‘accurately mark’ or ‘accurately draw’, we expect points (e.g. a centre of gravity) to be carefully positioned and lines to be drawn with care using a ruler. In the case of ray diagrams it is expected that rays drawn should pass at least within 1 mm of the relevant point (e.g. principal focus).
• When reading the questions, decide which area of physics you are being asked about. Do not just look at a few words as you may then misunderstand the question. For example a question that mentions heat radiation is not about radioactivity (just because the word ‘radiation’ is seen). If you are asked for a convection current diagram do not draw a circuit just because the word ‘current’ is in the question!
Answering the questionsHere are some examples that show the type of understanding that is required to answer questions successfully.
• You must understand the turning effect of a force and that it is called the moment of the force.
• You must be clear about the names given to types of energy and use them appropriately.
• You should know the circuit symbols required for use in describing electrical circuits. The symbol for a fuse is often not known and the symbols for a thermistor and a variable resistor are commonly confused with each other.
• You must know how to connect a voltmeter in parallel with the component across which you are measuring the potential difference.
• You must have a clear understanding of electromagnetic induction. For example, you must know that when a magnet is moved in or out of a solenoid that is part of a circuit, a current will be induced. It is the movement of the magnet in the solenoid that causes the current as its magnetic fi eld lines cut the coil.
• You must understand the difference between mass and weight.
• You must understand basic radioactivity. You should know about the characteristics of the three types of emission (alpha, beta and gamma), half-life and safety precautions.
Paper 5 and Paper 6 adviceYou will take one of these papers that test practical physics. There are some particular points that are relevant to answering the questions here.
• When plotting a graph it is important to choose the scales so that the plots occupy more than half of the graph grid. Careless, rushed graph plotting can lose several marks. You should always use a sharp pencil and plot small, neat, accurately placed crosses. Then draw a neat thin best-fi t line.
• You should understand that if y is proportional to x then the graph will be a straight line through the origin.
Section 2: Examination advice
11Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
• Diagrams should be drawn with care using a sharp pencil.
• It is important to be able to set up a circuit from a diagram, draw a circuit diagram of a circuit already set up and also to draw a circuit diagram from a written description.
• You need to know that to read the current through a component (e.g. a lamp or a resistor) and the voltage across it, the ammeter is placed in series with the component but the voltmeter must be connected in parallel with the component.
• Column headings in tables of readings must be headed with the quantity and unit as in these examples: I/A, or t/s, or y/m. Graph axes are labelled in the same way.
• Final answers should be given to two or three signifi cant fi gures.
• When carrying out practical work there are usually measurements that are in some way diffi cult to take in spite of taking great care. You should comment about these diffi culties when asked about precautions taken to improve accuracy.
• You should understand that the control of variables is an important aspect of practical work. You should be able to comment on the control of variables in a particular experiment.
• You should understand the signifi cance of wording such as ‘within the limits of experimental accuracy’.
• If you are asked to justify a statement that you have made it must be justifi ed by reference to the readings. A theoretical justifi cation in a practical test will not gain marks.
Section 3: What will be tested?
13Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
Section 3: What will be tested?
We take account of the following areas in your examination papers:
• your knowledge (what you remember) and understanding (how you use what you know and apply it to unfamiliar situations)
• how you handle information and solve problems
• your use of experimental skills
These areas of knowledge and skills are called assessment objectives. The theory papers test mainly AO1 (knowledge with understanding) and AO2 (handling information and problem solving). You should note that only half the marks available for AO1 are for simple recall. The purpose of the practical paper is to test AO3 (experimental skill and investigations). Your teacher will be able to give you more information about how each of these is used in examination papers. The table shows you the range of skills you should try to develop.
Assessment objective
What the skill means What you need to be able to do
AO1Knowledge with understanding
remembering facts and applying these facts to new situations
Use scientifi c ideas, facts and laws
Know the meaning of scientifi c terms e.g. centre of mass
Know about apparatus and how it works
Know about symbols, quantities (e.g. mass and weight) and units (e.g. kg and N)
Understand the importance of science in everyday life
AO2Handling information and problem solving
how you extract information and rearrange it in a sensible pattern and how you carry out calculations and make predictions
Select and organise information from graphs, tables and written text
Change information from one form to another e.g. draw graphs.
Arrange data and carry out calculations
Identify patterns from information given and draw conclusions
Explain scientifi c relationships, e.g. use the moving (kinetic) particle theory to explain ideas about solids, liquids and gases.
Make predictions and develop scientifi c ideas
Solve problems
AO3Experimental skills and investigations
planning and carrying out experiments and recording and analysing information
Set up and use apparatus safely
Make observations and measurements and record them
Analyse experimental results and suggest how valid they are
Plan and carry out your own experiment and describe to what extent your plan worked
Section 4: What you need to know
15Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
Section 4: What you need to know
The following table describes the things you may be tested on in the examination. If you are studying only the Core syllabus (Papers 1 and 3), you will need to refer only to the column headed Core material. If you are studying the Extended syllabus (Papers 2 and 4), you will need to refer to both the Core material and the Extended material columns. If you are unsure about which material to use, you should ask your teacher for advice.
How to use the tableYou can use the table throughout your course to check the topic areas you have covered. You can also use it as a revision aid. When you think you have a good knowledge of a topic, you can tick the appropriate box in the checklist column. The main headings in the topic areas are usually followed by the details of what you should know. Test yourself as follows:
• cover up the details with a piece of paper
• try to remember the details
• when you have remembered the details correctly, put a tick in the appropriate box.
If you use a pencil to tick the boxes, you can retest yourself whenever you want by simply rubbing out the ticks. If you are using the table to check which topics you have covered, you can put a tick in the topic column, next to the appropriate bullet point.
The column headed ‘Comments’ can be used:
• to add further information about the details for each bullet point
• to add learning aids, e.g. simple equations set out in a triangle to help in rearranging the equation
• to highlight areas of diffi culty/ things you need to ask your teacher about.
Section 4: What you need to know
16 Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
Top
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o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
1. G
ener
al p
hysi
cs
1.1
Leng
th a
nd t
ime
• U
se a
nd d
escr
ibe
the
use
of r
ules
and
mea
surin
g cy
linde
rs to
fi nd
a le
ngth
or
a v
olum
e•
Use
and
des
crib
e th
e us
e of
clo
cks
and
devi
ces,
bo
th a
nalo
gue
and
digi
tal,
for
mea
surin
g an
inte
rval
of
tim
e•
Obt
ain
an a
vera
ge v
alue
fo
r a
smal
l dis
tanc
e an
d fo
r a
shor
t in
terv
al
of t
ime
by m
easu
ring
mul
tiple
s (in
clud
ing
the
perio
d of
a p
endu
lum
)
• U
nder
stan
d th
at a
m
icro
met
er s
crew
gau
ge
is u
sed
to m
easu
re v
ery
smal
l dis
tanc
es
Section 4: What you need to know
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ore
mat
eria
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xte
nd
ed m
ater
ial
Yo
u s
ho
uld
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able
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men
tsY
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sh
ou
ld b
e ab
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o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
1.2
Mot
ion
• D
efi n
e sp
eed
and
calc
ulat
e av
erag
e sp
eed
from
to
talt
ime
tota
ldis
tanc
e
• P
lot
and
inte
rpre
t a
spee
d-tim
e gr
aph
or a
di
stan
ce-t
ime
grap
h•
Rec
ogni
se f
rom
the
sh
ape
of a
spe
ed-t
ime
grap
h w
hen
a bo
dy is
–at
rest
–
mov
ing
with
con
stan
t sp
eed
–m
ovin
g w
ith
chan
ging
spe
ed•
Cal
cula
te t
he a
rea
unde
r a
spee
d-tim
e gr
aph
to
wor
k ou
t th
e di
stan
ce
trav
elle
d fo
r m
otio
n w
ith
cons
tant
acc
eler
atio
n•
Dem
onst
rate
un
ders
tand
ing
that
ac
cele
ratio
n an
d de
cele
ratio
n ar
e re
late
d to
cha
ngin
g sp
eed
incl
udin
g qu
alita
tive
anal
ysis
of
the
grad
ient
of
a s
peed
-tim
e gr
aph
• S
tate
tha
t th
e ac
cele
ratio
n of
fre
e fa
ll fo
r a
body
nea
r to
the
E
arth
is c
onst
ant
• D
istin
guis
h be
twee
n sp
eed
and
velo
city
•
Defi
ne
and
calc
ulat
e ac
cele
ratio
n us
ing
time
take
nch
ange
ofve
loci
ty
• C
alcu
late
spe
ed f
rom
the
gr
adie
nt o
f a
dist
ance
-tim
e gr
aph
• C
alcu
late
acc
eler
atio
n fr
om t
he g
radi
ent
of a
sp
eed-
time
grap
h •
Rec
ogni
se li
near
m
otio
n fo
r w
hich
the
ac
cele
ratio
n is
con
stan
t•
Rec
ogni
se m
otio
n fo
r w
hich
the
acc
eler
atio
n is
no
t co
nsta
nt•
Und
erst
and
dece
lera
tion
as a
neg
ativ
e ac
cele
ratio
n•
Des
crib
e qu
alita
tivel
y th
e m
otio
n of
bod
ies
falli
ng
in a
uni
form
gra
vita
tiona
l fi e
ld w
ith a
nd w
ithou
t ai
r re
sist
ance
(inc
ludi
ng
refe
renc
e to
term
inal
ve
loci
ty)
Section 4: What you need to know
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icC
ore
mat
eria
lE
xte
nd
ed m
ater
ial
Yo
u s
ho
uld
be
able
to
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hec
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om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
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o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
1.3
Mas
s an
d w
eigh
t•
Sho
w f
amili
arity
with
th
e id
ea o
f th
e m
ass
of
a bo
dy•
Sta
te t
hat
wei
ght
is a
gr
avita
tiona
l for
ce
• D
istin
guis
h be
twee
n m
ass
and
wei
ght
• R
ecal
l and
use
the
eq
uatio
n W
= m
g•
Dem
onst
rate
un
ders
tand
ing
that
w
eigh
ts (a
nd h
ence
m
asse
s) m
ay b
e co
mpa
red
usin
g a
bala
nce
• D
emon
stra
te a
n un
ders
tand
ing
that
mas
s is
a p
rope
rty
that
‘res
ists
’ ch
ange
in m
otio
n•
Des
crib
e, a
nd u
se t
he
conc
ept
of, w
eigh
t as
the
ef
fect
of
a gr
avita
tiona
l fi e
ld o
n a
mas
s
1.4
Den
sity
• R
ecal
l and
use
the
eq
uatio
n ρ
= Vm
• D
escr
ibe
an e
xper
imen
t to
det
erm
ine
the
dens
ity
of a
liqu
id a
nd o
f a
regu
larly
sha
ped
solid
an
d m
ake
the
nece
ssar
y ca
lcul
atio
n•
Des
crib
e th
e de
term
inat
ion
of t
he
dens
ity o
f an
irre
gula
rly
shap
ed s
olid
by
the
met
hod
of d
ispl
acem
ent
• P
redi
ct w
heth
er a
n ob
ject
will
fl oa
t ba
sed
on
dens
ity d
ata
Section 4: What you need to know
19Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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icC
ore
mat
eria
lE
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nd
ed m
ater
ial
Yo
u s
ho
uld
be
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to
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om
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tsY
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ld b
e ab
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eckl
ist
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mm
ents
1.5
Forc
es
1.5.
1 Ef
fect
s of
fo
rces
• R
ecog
nise
tha
t a
forc
e m
ay p
rodu
ce a
cha
nge
in
size
and
sha
pe o
f a
body
•
Plo
t an
d in
terp
ret
exte
nsio
n-lo
ad g
raph
s an
d de
scrib
e th
e as
soci
ated
exp
erim
enta
l pr
oced
ure
• D
escr
ibe
the
way
s in
whi
ch a
forc
e m
ay
chan
ge t
he m
otio
n of
a
body
• Fi
nd t
he re
sulta
nt o
f tw
o or
mor
e fo
rces
act
ing
alon
g th
e sa
me
line
• R
ecog
nise
tha
t if
ther
e is
no
resu
ltant
forc
e on
a
body
it e
ither
rem
ains
at
rest
or
cont
inue
s at
co
nsta
nt s
peed
in a
st
raig
ht li
ne
• U
nder
stan
d fr
ictio
n as
th
e fo
rce
betw
een
two
surf
aces
whi
ch im
pede
s m
otio
n an
d re
sults
in
heat
ing
• R
ecog
nise
air
resi
stan
ce
as a
form
of
fric
tion
• S
tate
Hoo
ke’s
Law
an
d re
call
and
use
the
expr
essi
on F
= k
x,
whe
re k
is t
he s
prin
g co
nsta
nt•
Rec
ogni
se t
he
sign
ifi ca
nce
of t
he ‘l
imit
of p
ropo
rtio
nalit
y’ fo
r an
ex
tens
ion-
load
gra
ph
• R
ecal
l and
use
the
re
latio
n be
twee
n fo
rce,
m
ass
and
acce
lera
tion
(incl
udin
g th
e di
rect
ion)
, F
= m
a•
Des
crib
e qu
alita
tivel
y m
otio
n in
a c
ircul
ar p
ath
due
to a
per
pend
icul
ar
forc
e (F
= m
v 2/r
is n
ot
requ
ired)
Section 4: What you need to know
20 Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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ore
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eria
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nd
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ater
ial
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u s
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be
able
to
:C
hec
klis
tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
1.5.
2 Tu
rnin
g ef
fect
• D
escr
ibe
the
mom
ent
of
a fo
rce
as a
mea
sure
of
its t
urni
ng e
ffec
t an
d gi
ve
ever
yday
exa
mpl
es
• U
nder
stan
d th
at
incr
easi
ng fo
rce
or
dist
ance
fro
m t
he p
ivot
in
crea
ses
the
mom
ent
of
a fo
rce
• C
alcu
late
mom
ent
usin
g th
e pr
oduc
t fo
rce
×
perp
endi
cula
r di
stan
ce
from
the
piv
ot
• A
pply
the
prin
cipl
e of
mom
ents
to t
he
bala
ncin
g of
a b
eam
ab
out
a pi
vot
• A
pply
the
prin
cipl
e of
m
omen
ts to
diff
eren
t si
tuat
ions
1.5.
3 C
ondi
tions
for
equi
libriu
m•
Rec
ogni
se t
hat,
whe
n th
ere
is n
o re
sulta
nt
forc
e an
d no
resu
ltant
tu
rnin
g ef
fect
, a s
yste
m
is in
equ
ilibr
ium
• P
erfo
rm a
nd d
escr
ibe
an e
xper
imen
t (in
volv
ing
vert
ical
forc
es) t
o sh
ow
that
the
re is
no
net
mom
ent
on a
bod
y in
eq
uilib
rium
1.5.
4 C
entr
e of
m
ass
• P
erfo
rm a
nd d
escr
ibe
an
expe
rimen
t to
det
erm
ine
the
posi
tion
of t
he c
entr
e of
mas
s of
a p
lane
lam
ina
• D
escr
ibe
qual
itativ
ely
the
effe
ct o
f th
e po
sitio
n of
th
e ce
ntre
of
mas
s on
th
e st
abili
ty o
f si
mpl
e ob
ject
s
Section 4: What you need to know
21Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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ore
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eria
lE
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nd
ed m
ater
ial
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u s
ho
uld
be
able
to
:C
hec
klis
tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
1.5.
5 S
cala
rs a
nd
vect
ors
• U
nder
stan
d th
at v
ecto
rs
have
a m
agni
tude
and
di
rect
ion
• D
emon
stra
te a
n un
ders
tand
ing
of t
he
diff
eren
ce b
etw
een
scal
ars
and
vect
ors
and
give
com
mon
exa
mpl
es•
Det
erm
ine
grap
hica
lly
the
resu
ltant
of
two
vect
ors
1.6
Mom
entu
m•
Und
erst
and
the
conc
epts
of
mom
entu
m a
nd
impu
lse
• R
ecal
l and
use
the
eq
uatio
n m
omen
tum
=
mas
s ×
vel
ocity
, p =
mv
• R
ecal
l and
use
the
eq
uatio
n fo
r im
puls
e Ft
= m
v –
mu
• A
pply
the
prin
cipl
e of
th
e co
nser
vatio
n of
m
omen
tum
to s
olve
si
mpl
e pr
oble
ms
in o
ne
dim
ensi
on
Section 4: What you need to know
22 Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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icC
ore
mat
eria
lE
xte
nd
ed m
ater
ial
Yo
u s
ho
uld
be
able
to
:C
hec
klis
tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
1.7
Ener
gy, w
ork
and
pow
er
1.7.
1 En
ergy
• Id
entif
y ch
ange
s in
ki
netic
, gra
vita
tiona
l po
tent
ial,
chem
ical
, el
astic
(str
ain)
, nuc
lear
an
d in
tern
al e
nerg
y th
at
have
occ
urre
d as
a re
sult
of a
n ev
ent
or p
roce
ss•
Rec
ogni
se t
hat
ener
gy is
tr
ansf
erre
d du
ring
even
ts
and
proc
esse
s, in
clud
ing
exam
ples
of
tran
sfer
by
forc
es (m
echa
nica
l w
orki
ng),
by e
lect
rical
cu
rren
ts (e
lect
rical
w
orki
ng),
by h
eatin
g an
d by
wav
es•
App
ly t
he p
rinci
ple
of
cons
erva
tion
of e
nerg
y to
si
mpl
e ex
ampl
es
• R
ecal
l and
use
the
ex
pres
sion
s ki
netic
en
ergy
= ½
mv
2 and
ch
ange
in g
ravi
tatio
nal
pote
ntia
l ene
rgy
= m
g∆h
• A
pply
the
prin
cipl
e of
co
nser
vatio
n of
ene
rgy
to e
xam
ples
invo
lvin
g m
ultip
le s
tage
s•
Exp
lain
tha
t in
any
eve
nt
or p
roce
ss t
he e
nerg
y te
nds
to b
ecom
e m
ore
spre
ad o
ut a
mon
g th
e ob
ject
s an
d su
rrou
ndin
gs
(dis
sipa
ted)
Section 4: What you need to know
23Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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ore
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eria
lE
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nd
ed m
ater
ial
Yo
u s
ho
uld
be
able
to
:C
hec
klis
tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
1.7.
2 En
ergy
re
sour
ces
• D
escr
ibe
how
ele
ctric
ity
or o
ther
use
ful f
orm
s of
en
ergy
may
be
obta
ined
fr
om:
–ch
emic
al e
nerg
y st
ored
in f
uel
–w
ater
, inc
ludi
ng
the
ener
gy s
tore
d in
wav
es, i
n tid
es,
and
in w
ater
beh
ind
hydr
oele
ctric
dam
s –
geot
herm
al
reso
urce
s –
nucl
ear
fi ssi
on –
heat
and
ligh
t fr
om
the
Sun
(sol
ar c
ells
an
d pa
nels
) –
win
d•
Giv
e ad
vant
ages
and
di
sadv
anta
ges
of e
ach
met
hod
in te
rms
of
rene
wab
ility
, cos
t,
relia
bilit
y, s
cale
and
en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct•
Sho
w a
qua
litat
ive
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
ef
fi cie
ncy
• U
nder
stan
d th
at t
he
Sun
is t
he s
ourc
e of
en
ergy
for
all o
ur e
nerg
y re
sour
ces
exce
pt
geot
herm
al, n
ucle
ar a
nd
tidal
•
Sho
w a
n un
ders
tand
ing
that
ene
rgy
is re
leas
ed
by n
ucle
ar f
usio
n in
the
S
un•
Rec
all a
nd u
se t
he
equa
tion:
effi
cie
ncy
=
ener
gyin
put
usef
ulen
ergy
outp
ut ×
100%
• ef
fi cie
ncy
=
pow
erin
put
usef
ulpo
wer
outp
ut ×
100%
Section 4: What you need to know
24 Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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ore
mat
eria
lE
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nd
ed m
ater
ial
Yo
u s
ho
uld
be
able
to
:C
hec
klis
tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
1.7.
3 W
ork
• D
emon
stra
te
unde
rsta
ndin
g th
at
wor
k do
ne =
ene
rgy
tran
sfer
red
• R
elat
e (w
ithou
t ca
lcul
atio
n) w
ork
done
to
the
mag
nitu
de o
f a
forc
e an
d th
e di
stan
ce m
oved
in
the
dire
ctio
n of
the
fo
rce
• R
ecal
l and
use
W
= F
d =
∆E
1.7.
4 P
ower
• R
elat
e (w
ithou
t ca
lcul
atio
n) p
ower
to
wor
k do
ne a
nd t
ime
take
n, u
sing
app
ropr
iate
ex
ampl
es
• R
ecal
l and
use
the
eq
uatio
n P
= ∆
E / t
in
sim
ple
syst
ems
1.8
Pre
ssur
e•
Rec
all a
nd u
se t
he
equa
tion
p =
F / A
• R
elat
e pr
essu
re to
fo
rce
and
area
, usi
ng
appr
opria
te e
xam
ples
• D
escr
ibe
the
sim
ple
mer
cury
bar
omet
er a
nd
its u
se in
mea
surin
g at
mos
pher
ic p
ress
ure
• R
elat
e (w
ithou
t ca
lcul
atio
n) t
he p
ress
ure
bene
ath
a liq
uid
surf
ace
to d
epth
and
to d
ensi
ty,
usin
g ap
prop
riate
ex
ampl
es•
Use
and
des
crib
e th
e us
e of
a m
anom
eter
• R
ecal
l and
use
the
eq
uatio
n p
= hρg
Section 4: What you need to know
25Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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icC
ore
mat
eria
lE
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nd
ed m
ater
ial
Yo
u s
ho
uld
be
able
to
:C
hec
klis
tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
2. T
herm
al p
hysi
cs
2.1
Sim
ple
kine
tic
mol
ecul
ar m
odel
of
mat
ter
2.1.
1 S
tate
s of
m
atte
r
• S
tate
the
dis
tingu
ishi
ng
prop
ertie
s of
sol
ids,
liq
uids
and
gas
es
2.1.
2 M
olec
ular
m
ode
• D
escr
ibe
qual
itativ
ely
the
mol
ecul
ar s
truc
ture
of
sol
ids,
liqu
ids
and
gase
s in
term
s of
the
ar
rang
emen
t, s
epar
atio
n an
d m
otio
n of
the
m
olec
ules
• In
terp
ret
the
tem
pera
ture
of
a g
as in
term
s of
the
m
otio
n of
its
mol
ecul
es•
Des
crib
e qu
alita
tivel
y th
e pr
essu
re o
f a
gas
in
term
s of
the
mot
ion
of it
s m
olec
ules
• S
how
an
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
ran
dom
mot
ion
of
part
icle
s in
a s
uspe
nsio
n as
evi
denc
e fo
r th
e ki
netic
mol
ecul
ar m
odel
of
mat
ter
• D
escr
ibe
this
mot
ion
(som
etim
es k
now
n as
Bro
wni
an m
otio
n)
in te
rms
of r
ando
m
mol
ecul
ar b
omba
rdm
ent
• R
elat
e th
e pr
oper
ties
of s
olid
s, li
quid
s an
d ga
ses
to t
he fo
rces
an
d di
stan
ces
betw
een
mol
ecul
es a
nd to
the
m
otio
n of
the
mol
ecul
es•
Exp
lain
pre
ssur
e in
te
rms
of t
he c
hang
e of
mom
entu
m o
f th
e pa
rtic
les
strik
ing
the
wal
ls c
reat
ing
a fo
rce
• S
how
an
appr
ecia
tion
that
mas
sive
par
ticle
s m
ay b
e m
oved
by
light
, fa
st-m
ovin
g m
olec
ules
Section 4: What you need to know
26 Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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eria
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ater
ial
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u s
ho
uld
be
able
to
:C
hec
klis
tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
2.1.
3 E
vapo
ratio
n•
Des
crib
e ev
apor
atio
n in
term
s of
the
esc
ape
of m
ore-
ener
getic
m
olec
ules
fro
m t
he
surf
ace
of a
liqu
id•
Rel
ate
evap
orat
ion
to t
he
cons
eque
nt c
oolin
g of
th
e liq
uid
• D
emon
stra
te a
n un
ders
tand
ing
of h
ow
tem
pera
ture
, sur
face
ar
ea a
nd d
raug
ht o
ver
a su
rfac
e in
fl uen
ce
evap
orat
ion
• E
xpla
in t
he c
oolin
g of
a
body
in c
onta
ct w
ith a
n ev
apor
atin
g liq
uid
2.1.
4 P
ress
ure
chan
ges
• D
escr
ibe
qual
itativ
ely,
in
term
s of
mol
ecul
es, t
he
effe
ct o
n th
e pr
essu
re o
f a
gas
of:
–a
chan
ge o
f te
mpe
ratu
re a
t co
nsta
nt v
olum
e –
a ch
ange
of
volu
me
at c
onst
ant
tem
pera
ture
• R
ecal
l and
use
the
eq
uatio
n pV
= c
onst
ant
for
a fi x
ed m
ass
of g
as a
t co
nsta
nt te
mpe
ratu
re
2.2
Ther
mal
pr
oper
ties
and
tem
pera
ture
2.2.
1 Th
erm
al
expa
nsio
n of
sol
ids,
liq
uids
and
gas
es
• D
escr
ibe
qual
itativ
ely
the
ther
mal
exp
ansi
on o
f so
lids,
liqu
ids,
and
gas
es
at c
onst
ant
pres
sure
• Id
entif
y an
d ex
plai
n so
me
of t
he e
very
day
appl
icat
ions
and
co
nseq
uenc
es o
f th
erm
al
expa
nsio
n
• E
xpla
in, i
n te
rms
of t
he
mot
ion
and
arra
ngem
ent
of m
olec
ules
, the
rela
tive
orde
r of
the
mag
nitu
de
of t
he e
xpan
sion
of
solid
s, li
quid
s an
d ga
ses
Section 4: What you need to know
27Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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nd
ed m
ater
ial
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u s
ho
uld
be
able
to
:C
hec
klis
tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
2.2.
2 M
easu
rem
ent
of te
mpe
ratu
re•
App
reci
ate
how
a
phys
ical
pro
pert
y th
at
varie
s w
ith te
mpe
ratu
re
may
be
used
for
the
mea
sure
men
t of
te
mpe
ratu
re, a
nd s
tate
ex
ampl
es o
f su
ch
prop
ertie
s•
Rec
ogni
se t
he n
eed
for
and
iden
tify
fi xed
poi
nts
• D
escr
ibe
and
expl
ain
the
stru
ctur
e an
d ac
tion
of li
quid
-in-g
lass
th
erm
omet
ers
• D
emon
stra
te
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
se
nsiti
vity
, ran
ge a
nd
linea
rity
• D
escr
ibe
the
stru
ctur
e of
a t
herm
ocou
ple
and
show
und
erst
andi
ng o
f its
use
as
a th
erm
omet
er
for
mea
surin
g hi
gh
tem
pera
ture
s an
d th
ose
that
var
y ra
pidl
y •
Des
crib
e an
d ex
plai
n ho
w t
he s
truc
ture
of
a li
quid
-in-g
lass
th
erm
omet
er re
late
s to
its
sen
sitiv
ity, r
ange
and
lin
earit
y
2.2.
3 Th
erm
al
capa
city
(hea
t ca
paci
ty)
• R
elat
e a
rise
in t
he
tem
pera
ture
of
a bo
dy to
an
incr
ease
in it
s in
tern
al
ener
gy
• S
how
an
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
wha
t is
mea
nt b
y th
e th
erm
al c
apac
ity o
f a
body
• G
ive
a si
mpl
e m
olec
ular
ac
coun
t of
an
incr
ease
in
inte
rnal
ene
rgy
• R
ecal
l and
use
the
eq
uatio
n th
erm
al
capa
city
= m
c•
Defi
ne
spec
ifi c
heat
ca
paci
ty•
Des
crib
e an
exp
erim
ent
to m
easu
re t
he s
peci
fi c
heat
cap
acity
of
a su
bsta
nce
• R
ecal
l and
use
the
eq
uatio
n ch
ange
in
ener
gy =
mc∆
T
Section 4: What you need to know
28 Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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ore
mat
eria
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nd
ed m
ater
ial
Yo
u s
ho
uld
be
able
to
:C
hec
klis
tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
2.2.
4 M
eltin
g an
d bo
iling
• D
escr
ibe
mel
ting
and
boili
ng in
term
s of
ene
rgy
inpu
t w
ithou
t a
chan
ge in
te
mpe
ratu
re•
Sta
te t
he m
eani
ng o
f m
eltin
g po
int
and
boili
ng
poin
t•
Des
crib
e co
nden
satio
n an
d so
lidifi
catio
n in
term
s of
mol
ecul
es
• D
istin
guis
h be
twee
n bo
iling
and
eva
pora
tion
• U
se t
he te
rms
late
nt h
eat
of v
apor
isat
ion
and
late
nt
heat
of
fusi
on a
nd g
ive
a m
olec
ular
inte
rpre
tatio
n of
late
nt h
eat
• D
efi n
e sp
ecifi
c la
tent
he
at•
Des
crib
e an
exp
erim
ent
to m
easu
re s
peci
fi c
late
nt h
eats
for
stea
m
and
for
ice
• R
ecal
l and
use
the
eq
uatio
n en
ergy
= ml
2.3
Ther
mal
pr
oces
ses
2.3.
1 C
ondu
ctio
n
• D
escr
ibe
expe
rimen
ts
to d
emon
stra
te t
he
prop
ertie
s of
goo
d an
d ba
d th
erm
al c
ondu
ctor
s
• G
ive
a si
mpl
e m
olec
ular
ac
coun
t of
con
duct
ion
in s
olid
s in
clud
ing
latt
ice
vibr
atio
n an
d tr
ansf
er b
y el
ectr
ons
2.3.
2 C
onve
ctio
n•
Rec
ogni
se c
onve
ctio
n as
an
impo
rtan
t m
etho
d of
th
erm
al t
rans
fer
in fl
uids
•
Rel
ate
conv
ectio
n in
fl ui
ds to
den
sity
ch
ange
s an
d de
scrib
e ex
perim
ents
to il
lust
rate
co
nvec
tion
Section 4: What you need to know
29Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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ater
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able
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hec
klis
tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
2.3.
3 R
adia
tion
• Id
entif
y in
fra-
red
radi
atio
n as
par
t of
th
e el
ectr
omag
netic
sp
ectr
um•
Rec
ogni
se t
hat
ther
mal
en
ergy
tra
nsfe
r by
ra
diat
ion
does
not
requ
ire
a m
ediu
m•
Des
crib
e th
e ef
fect
of
surf
ace
colo
ur (b
lack
or
whi
te) a
nd te
xtur
e (d
ull o
r sh
iny)
on
the
emis
sion
, ab
sorp
tion
and
refl e
ctio
n of
rad
iatio
n
• D
escr
ibe
expe
rimen
ts to
sh
ow t
he p
rope
rtie
s of
go
od a
nd b
ad e
mitt
ers
and
good
and
bad
ab
sorb
ers
of in
fra-
red
radi
atio
n•
Sho
w u
nder
stan
ding
tha
t th
e am
ount
of
radi
atio
n em
itted
als
o de
pend
s on
th
e su
rfac
e te
mpe
ratu
re
and
surf
ace
area
of
a bo
dy
2.3.
4 C
onse
quen
ces
of e
nerg
y tr
ansf
er•
Iden
tify
and
expl
ain
som
e of
the
eve
ryda
y ap
plic
atio
ns a
nd
cons
eque
nces
of
cond
uctio
n, c
onve
ctio
n an
d ra
diat
ion
Section 4: What you need to know
30 Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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ater
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u s
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able
to
:C
hec
klis
tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
3. P
rope
rtie
s of
w
aves
, inc
ludi
ng
light
and
sou
nd
3.1
Gen
eral
wav
e pr
oper
ties
• D
emon
stra
te
unde
rsta
ndin
g th
at
wav
es t
rans
fer
ener
gy
with
out
tran
sfer
ring
mat
ter
• D
escr
ibe
wha
t is
mea
nt
by w
ave
mot
ion
as
illus
trat
ed b
y vi
brat
ion
in
rope
s an
d sp
rings
and
by
expe
rimen
ts u
sing
wat
er
wav
es•
Use
the
term
wav
efro
nt•
Giv
e th
e m
eani
ng o
f sp
eed,
fre
quen
cy,
wav
elen
gth
and
ampl
itude
• D
istin
guis
h be
twee
n tr
ansv
erse
and
lo
ngitu
dina
l wav
es a
nd
give
sui
tabl
e ex
ampl
es•
Des
crib
e ho
w w
aves
can
un
derg
o: –
refl e
ctio
n at
a p
lane
su
rfac
e –
refr
actio
n du
e to
a
chan
ge o
f sp
eed
–di
ffra
ctio
n th
roug
h a
narr
ow g
ap•
Des
crib
e th
e us
e of
wat
er w
aves
to
dem
onst
rate
refl e
ctio
n,
refr
actio
n an
d di
ffra
ctio
n
• R
ecal
l and
use
the
eq
uatio
n v
= f λ
• D
escr
ibe
how
w
avel
engt
h an
d ga
p si
ze a
ffec
ts d
iffra
ctio
n th
roug
h a
gap
• D
escr
ibe
how
w
avel
engt
h af
fect
s di
ffra
ctio
n at
an
edge
Section 4: What you need to know
31Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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klis
tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
3.2
Ligh
t
3.2.
1 R
efl e
ctio
n of
lig
ht
• D
escr
ibe
the
form
atio
n of
an
optic
al im
age
by a
pl
ane
mirr
or, a
nd g
ive
its
char
acte
ristic
s •
Rec
all a
nd u
se t
he la
w
angl
e of
inci
denc
e =
an
gle
of re
fl ect
ion
• R
ecal
l tha
t th
e im
age
in a
pl
ane
mirr
or is
virt
ual
• P
erfo
rm s
impl
e co
nstr
uctio
ns,
mea
sure
men
ts a
nd
calc
ulat
ions
for
refl e
ctio
n by
pla
ne m
irror
s
3.2.
2 R
efra
ctio
n of
lig
ht•
Des
crib
e an
exp
erim
enta
l de
mon
stra
tion
of t
he
refr
actio
n of
ligh
t•
Use
the
term
inol
ogy
for
the
angl
e of
inci
denc
e i
and
angl
e of
refr
actio
n r a
nd d
escr
ibe
the
pass
age
of li
ght
thro
ugh
para
llel-s
ided
tra
nspa
rent
m
ater
ial
• G
ive
the
mea
ning
of
criti
cal a
ngle
• D
escr
ibe
inte
rnal
and
to
tal i
nter
nal r
efl e
ctio
n
• R
ecal
l and
use
the
de
fi niti
on o
f re
frac
tive
inde
x n
in te
rms
of s
peed
• R
ecal
l and
use
the
equa
tion
sin
sin
rin=
• R
ecal
l and
use
si
nn
c1
=
• D
escr
ibe
and
expl
ain
the
actio
n of
opt
ical
fi br
es
part
icul
arly
in m
edic
ine
and
com
mun
icat
ions
te
chno
logy
Section 4: What you need to know
32 Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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ater
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klis
tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
3.2.
3 Th
in
conv
ergi
ng le
ns•
Des
crib
e th
e ac
tion
of a
th
in c
onve
rgin
g le
ns o
n a
beam
of
light
• U
se t
he te
rms
prin
cipa
l fo
cus
and
foca
l len
gth
• D
raw
ray
dia
gram
s fo
r th
e fo
rmat
ion
of a
real
im
age
by a
sin
gle
lens
•
Des
crib
e th
e na
ture
of
an
imag
e us
ing
the
term
s en
larg
ed/s
ame
size
/di
min
ishe
d an
d up
right
/in
vert
ed
• D
raw
and
use
ray
di
agra
ms
for
the
form
atio
n of
a v
irtua
l im
age
by a
sin
gle
lens
•
Use
and
des
crib
e th
e us
e of
a s
ingl
e le
ns a
s a
mag
nify
ing
glas
s •
Sho
w u
nder
stan
ding
of
the
term
s re
al im
age
and
virt
ual i
mag
e
3.2.
4 D
ispe
rsio
n of
lig
ht•
Giv
e a
qual
itativ
e ac
coun
t of
the
dis
pers
ion
of li
ght
as s
how
n by
the
act
ion
on li
ght
of a
gla
ss p
rism
in
clud
ing
the
seve
n co
lour
s of
the
spe
ctru
m
in t
heir
corr
ect
orde
r
• R
ecal
l tha
t lig
ht o
f a
sing
le f
requ
ency
is
des
crib
ed a
s m
onoc
hrom
atic
Section 4: What you need to know
33Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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ater
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hec
klis
tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
3.3
Elec
trom
agne
tic
spec
trum
• D
escr
ibe
the
mai
n fe
atur
es o
f th
e el
ectr
omag
netic
sp
ectr
um in
ord
er o
f w
avel
engt
h •
Sta
te t
hat
all e
.m. w
aves
tr
avel
with
the
sam
e hi
gh
spee
d in
a v
acuu
m
• D
escr
ibe
typi
cal
prop
ertie
s an
d us
es
of r
adia
tions
in a
ll th
e di
ffer
ent
regi
ons
of
the
elec
trom
agne
tic
spec
trum
incl
udin
g: –
radi
o an
d te
levi
sion
co
mm
unic
atio
ns
(rad
io w
aves
) –
sate
llite
tele
visi
on
and
tele
phon
es
(mic
row
aves
) –
elec
tric
al a
pplia
nces
, re
mot
e co
ntro
llers
fo
r te
levi
sion
s an
d in
trud
er a
larm
s (in
fra-
red)
–m
edic
ine
and
secu
rity
(X-r
ays)
• D
emon
stra
te a
n aw
aren
ess
of s
afet
y is
sues
rega
rdin
g th
e us
e of
mic
row
aves
and
X
-ray
s
• S
tate
tha
t th
e sp
eed
of
elec
trom
agne
tic w
aves
in
a v
acuu
m is
3.0
× 1
08 m
/ s a
nd is
app
roxi
mat
ely
the
sam
e in
air
Section 4: What you need to know
34 Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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ater
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tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
3.4
Sou
nd•
Des
crib
e th
e pr
oduc
tion
of s
ound
by
vibr
atin
g so
urce
s•
Des
crib
e th
e lo
ngitu
dina
l na
ture
of
soun
d w
aves
• S
tate
tha
t th
e ap
prox
imat
e ra
nge
of
audi
ble
freq
uenc
ies
for
a he
alth
y hu
man
ear
is
20 H
z to
20
000
Hz
• S
how
an
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
term
ultr
asou
nd
• S
how
an
unde
rsta
ndin
g th
at a
med
ium
is n
eede
d to
tra
nsm
it so
und
wav
es•
Des
crib
e an
exp
erim
ent
to d
eter
min
e th
e sp
eed
of s
ound
in a
ir•
Rel
ate
the
loud
ness
and
pi
tch
of s
ound
wav
es to
am
plitu
de a
nd f
requ
ency
• D
escr
ibe
how
the
re
fl ect
ion
of s
ound
may
pr
oduc
e an
ech
o
• D
escr
ibe
com
pres
sion
an
d ra
refa
ctio
n•
Sta
te t
ypic
al v
alue
s of
th
e sp
eed
of s
ound
in
gase
s, li
quid
s an
d so
lids
Section 4: What you need to know
35Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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ater
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tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
4.1
Sim
ple
phen
omen
a of
m
agne
tism
• D
escr
ibe
the
forc
es
betw
een
mag
nets
, and
be
twee
n m
agne
ts a
nd
mag
netic
mat
eria
ls
• G
ive
an a
ccou
nt o
f in
duce
d m
agne
tism
•
Dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
mag
netic
and
non
-m
agne
tic m
ater
ials
• D
escr
ibe
met
hods
of
mag
netis
atio
n, to
incl
ude
stro
king
with
a m
agne
t,
use
of d
.c. i
n a
coil
and
ham
mer
ing
in a
mag
netic
fi e
ld
• D
raw
the
pat
tern
of
mag
netic
fi el
d lin
es
arou
nd a
bar
mag
net
• D
escr
ibe
an e
xper
imen
t to
iden
tify
the
patt
ern
of m
agne
tic fi
eld
lines
, in
clud
ing
the
dire
ctio
n •
Dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
the
mag
netic
pro
pert
ies
of
soft
iron
and
ste
el
• D
istin
guis
h be
twee
n th
e de
sign
and
use
of
perm
anen
t m
agne
ts a
nd
elec
trom
agne
ts
• E
xpla
in t
hat
mag
netic
fo
rces
are
due
to
inte
ract
ions
bet
wee
n m
agne
tic fi
elds
• D
escr
ibe
met
hods
of
dem
agne
tisat
ion,
to
incl
ude
ham
mer
ing,
he
atin
g an
d us
e of
a.c
. in
a co
il
Section 4: What you need to know
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ater
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om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
4.2
Elec
tric
al
quan
titie
s
4.2.
1 El
ectr
ic c
harg
e
• S
tate
tha
t th
ere
are
posi
tive
and
nega
tive
char
ges
• S
tate
tha
t un
like
char
ges
attr
act
and
that
like
ch
arge
s re
pel
• D
escr
ibe
sim
ple
expe
rimen
ts to
sho
w t
he
prod
uctio
n an
d de
tect
ion
of e
lect
rost
atic
cha
rges
• S
tate
tha
t ch
argi
ng
a bo
dy in
volv
es t
he
addi
tion
or re
mov
al o
f el
ectr
ons
• D
istin
guis
h be
twee
n el
ectr
ical
con
duct
ors
and
insu
lato
rs a
nd g
ive
typi
cal e
xam
ples
• S
tate
tha
t ch
arge
is
mea
sure
d in
cou
lom
bs
• S
tate
tha
t th
e di
rect
ion
of a
n el
ectr
ic fi
eld
at a
po
int
is t
he d
irect
ion
of
the
forc
e on
a p
ositi
ve
char
ge a
t th
at p
oint
•
Des
crib
e an
ele
ctric
fi e
ld a
s a
regi
on in
w
hich
an
elec
tric
cha
rge
expe
rienc
es a
forc
e•
Des
crib
e si
mpl
e fi e
ld
patt
erns
, inc
ludi
ng t
he
fi eld
aro
und
a po
int
char
ge, t
he fi
eld
arou
nd
a ch
arge
d co
nduc
ting
sphe
re a
nd t
he fi
eld
betw
een
two
para
llel
plat
es (n
ot in
clud
ing
end
effe
cts)
• G
ive
an a
ccou
nt o
f ch
argi
ng b
y in
duct
ion
• R
ecal
l and
use
a s
impl
e el
ectr
on m
odel
to
dist
ingu
ish
betw
een
cond
ucto
rs a
nd in
sula
tors
Section 4: What you need to know
37Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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ater
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om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
4.2.
2 C
urre
nt•
Sta
te t
hat
curr
ent
is
rela
ted
to t
he fl
ow o
f ch
arge
• U
se a
nd d
escr
ibe
the
use
of a
n am
met
er, b
oth
anal
ogue
and
dig
ital
• S
tate
tha
t cu
rren
t in
m
etal
s is
due
to a
fl ow
of
elec
tron
s
• S
how
und
erst
andi
ng t
hat
a cu
rren
t is
a r
ate
of fl
ow
of c
harg
e an
d re
call
and
use
the
equa
tion I
= Q
/ t•
Dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
the
dire
ctio
n of
fl ow
of
ele
ctro
ns a
nd
conv
entio
nal c
urre
nt
4.2.
3 El
ectr
omot
ive
forc
e•
Sta
te t
hat
the
e.m
.f. o
f an
ele
ctric
al s
ourc
e of
en
ergy
is m
easu
red
in
volts
• S
how
und
erst
andi
ng t
hat
e.m
.f. is
defi
ned
in te
rms
of e
nerg
y su
pplie
d by
a
sour
ce in
driv
ing
char
ge
roun
d a
com
plet
e ci
rcui
t
4.2.
4 P
oten
tial
diff
eren
ce•
Sta
te t
hat
the
pote
ntia
l di
ffer
ence
(p.d
.) ac
ross
a
circ
uit
com
pone
nt is
m
easu
red
in v
olts
• U
se a
nd d
escr
ibe
the
use
of a
vol
tmet
er, b
oth
anal
ogue
and
dig
ital
• R
ecal
l tha
t 1
V is
eq
uiva
lent
to 1
J / C
Section 4: What you need to know
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om
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tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
4.2.
5 R
esis
tanc
e•
Sta
te t
hat
resi
stan
ce
= p
.d. /
cur
rent
and
un
ders
tand
qua
litat
ivel
y ho
w c
hang
es in
p.d
. or
resi
stan
ce a
ffec
t cu
rren
t•
Rec
all a
nd u
se t
he
equa
tion
R =
V / I
• D
escr
ibe
an e
xper
imen
t to
det
erm
ine
resi
stan
ce
usin
g a
voltm
eter
and
an
amm
eter
• R
elat
e (w
ithou
t ca
lcul
atio
n) t
he
resi
stan
ce o
f a
wire
to it
s le
ngth
and
to it
s di
amet
er
• S
ketc
h an
d ex
plai
n th
e cu
rren
t-vo
ltage
ch
arac
teris
tic o
f an
ohm
ic
resi
stor
and
a fi
lam
ent
lam
p•
Rec
all a
nd u
se
quan
titat
ivel
y th
e pr
opor
tiona
lity
betw
een
resi
stan
ce a
nd le
ngth
, an
d th
e in
vers
e pr
opor
tiona
lity
betw
een
resi
stan
ce a
nd c
ross
-se
ctio
nal a
rea
of a
wire
4.2.
6 El
ectr
ical
w
orki
ng•
Und
erst
and
that
ele
ctric
ci
rcui
ts t
rans
fer
ener
gy
from
the
bat
tery
or
pow
er s
ourc
e to
the
ci
rcui
t co
mpo
nent
s th
en
into
the
sur
roun
ding
s
• R
ecal
l and
use
the
eq
uatio
ns P
= I
V an
d E
= I
Vt
Section 4: What you need to know
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tsY
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sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
4.3
Elec
tric
circ
uits
4.3.
1 C
ircui
t di
agra
ms
• D
raw
and
inte
rpre
t ci
rcui
t di
agra
ms
cont
aini
ng s
ourc
es,
switc
hes,
resi
stor
s (fi
xed
and
varia
ble)
, he
ater
s, t
herm
isto
rs,
light
-dep
ende
nt
resi
stor
s, la
mps
, am
met
ers,
vol
tmet
ers,
ga
lvan
omet
ers,
m
agne
tisin
g co
ils,
tran
sfor
mer
s, b
ells
, fus
es
and
rela
ys
• D
raw
and
inte
rpre
t ci
rcui
t di
agra
ms
cont
aini
ng
diod
es
4.3.
2 S
erie
s an
d pa
ralle
l circ
uits
• U
nder
stan
d th
at t
he
curr
ent
at e
very
poi
nt in
a
serie
s ci
rcui
t is
the
sam
e•
Giv
e th
e co
mbi
ned
resi
stan
ce o
f tw
o or
m
ore
resi
stor
s in
ser
ies
• S
tate
tha
t, fo
r a
para
llel
circ
uit,
the
cur
rent
fro
m
the
sour
ce is
larg
er
than
the
cur
rent
in e
ach
bran
ch•
Sta
te t
hat
the
com
bine
d re
sist
ance
of
two
resi
stor
s in
par
alle
l is
less
tha
n th
at o
f ei
ther
re
sist
or b
y its
elf
• S
tate
the
adv
anta
ges
of c
onne
ctin
g la
mps
in
para
llel i
n a
light
ing
circ
uit
• C
alcu
late
the
com
bine
d e.
m.f.
of
seve
ral s
ourc
es
in s
erie
s •
Rec
all a
nd u
se t
he f
act
that
the
sum
of
the
p.d.
s ac
ross
the
com
pone
nts
in a
ser
ies
circ
uit
is e
qual
to
the
tota
l p.d
. acr
oss
the
supp
ly•
Rec
all a
nd u
se t
he f
act
that
the
cur
rent
fro
m t
he
sour
ce is
the
sum
of
the
curr
ents
in t
he s
epar
ate
bran
ches
of
a pa
ralle
l ci
rcui
t•
Cal
cula
te t
he e
ffec
tive
resi
stan
ce o
f tw
o re
sist
ors
in p
aral
lel
Section 4: What you need to know
40 Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
4.3.
3 A
ctio
n an
d us
e of
circ
uit
com
pone
nts
• D
escr
ibe
the
actio
n of
a
varia
ble
pote
ntia
l div
ider
(p
oten
tiom
eter
)•
Des
crib
e th
e ac
tion
of
ther
mis
tors
and
ligh
t-de
pend
ent
resi
stor
s an
d sh
ow u
nder
stan
ding
of
the
ir us
e as
inpu
t tr
ansd
ucer
s•
Des
crib
e th
e ac
tion
of a
rela
y an
d sh
ow
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
its
use
in s
witc
hing
circ
uits
• D
escr
ibe
the
actio
n of
a d
iode
and
sho
w
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
its
use
as a
rect
ifi er
• R
ecog
nise
and
sho
w
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
circ
uits
op
erat
ing
as li
ght-
sens
itive
sw
itche
s an
d te
mpe
ratu
re-o
pera
ted
alar
ms
(to in
clud
e th
e us
e of
a re
lay)
4.4
Dig
ital
elec
tron
ics
• E
xpla
in a
nd u
se t
he
term
s an
alog
ue a
nd
digi
tal i
n te
rms
of
cont
inuo
us v
aria
tion
and
high
/low
sta
tes
• D
escr
ibe
the
actio
n of
N
OT,
AN
D, O
R, N
AN
D
and
NO
R g
ates
•
Rec
all a
nd u
se t
he
sym
bols
for
logi
c ga
tes
• D
esig
n an
d un
ders
tand
si
mpl
e di
gita
l circ
uits
co
mbi
ning
sev
eral
logi
c ga
tes
• U
se t
ruth
tab
les
to
desc
ribe
the
actio
n of
in
divi
dual
gat
es a
nd
sim
ple
com
bina
tions
of
gate
s
Section 4: What you need to know
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tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
4.5
Dan
gers
of
elec
tric
ity•
Sta
te t
he h
azar
ds o
f: –
dam
aged
insu
latio
n –
over
heat
ing
of c
able
s –
dam
p co
nditi
ons
• S
tate
tha
t a
fuse
pro
tect
s a
circ
uit
• E
xpla
in t
he u
se o
f fu
ses
and
circ
uit
brea
kers
an
d ch
oose
app
ropr
iate
fu
se r
atin
gs a
nd c
ircui
t-br
eake
r se
ttin
gs•
Exp
lain
the
ben
efi t
s of
ea
rthi
ng m
etal
cas
es
4.6
Elec
trom
agne
tic
effe
cts
4.6.
1 El
ectr
omag
netic
in
duct
ion
• S
how
und
erst
andi
ng
that
a c
ondu
ctor
mov
ing
acro
ss a
mag
netic
fi el
d or
a c
hang
ing
mag
netic
fi e
ld li
nkin
g w
ith a
co
nduc
tor
can
indu
ce a
n e.
m.f.
in t
he c
ondu
ctor
•
Des
crib
e an
exp
erim
ent
to d
emon
stra
te
elec
trom
agne
tic
indu
ctio
n•
Sta
te t
he f
acto
rs
affe
ctin
g th
e m
agni
tude
of
an
indu
ced
e.m
.f.
• S
how
und
erst
andi
ng
that
the
dire
ctio
n of
an
indu
ced
e.m
.f. o
ppos
es
the
chan
ge c
ausi
ng it
• S
tate
and
use
the
rela
tive
dire
ctio
ns o
f fo
rce,
fi el
d an
d in
duce
d cu
rren
t
Section 4: What you need to know
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ater
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to
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hec
klis
tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
4.6.
2 a.
c. g
ener
ator
• D
istin
guis
h be
twee
n di
rect
cur
rent
(d.c
.) an
d al
tern
atin
g cu
rren
t (a
.c.)
• D
escr
ibe
and
expl
ain
a ro
tatin
g-co
il ge
nera
tor
and
the
use
of s
lip r
ings
•
Ske
tch
a gr
aph
of v
olta
ge
outp
ut a
gain
st t
ime
for
a si
mpl
e a.
c. g
ener
ator
• R
elat
e th
e po
sitio
n of
th
e ge
nera
tor
coil
to t
he
peak
s an
d ze
ros
of t
he
volta
ge o
utpu
t
4.6.
3 Tr
ansf
orm
er•
Des
crib
e th
e co
nstr
uctio
n of
a b
asic
tr
ansf
orm
er w
ith a
sof
t-iro
n co
re, a
s us
ed fo
r vo
ltage
tra
nsfo
rmat
ions
•
Rec
all a
nd u
se t
he
equa
tion
(Vp /
Vs)
= (N
p / N
s)•
Und
erst
and
the
term
s st
ep-u
p an
d st
ep-d
own
• D
escr
ibe
the
use
of t
he
tran
sfor
mer
in h
igh-
volta
ge t
rans
mis
sion
of
elec
tric
ity•
Giv
e th
e ad
vant
ages
of
high
-vol
tage
tran
smis
sion
• D
escr
ibe
the
prin
cipl
e of
ope
ratio
n of
a
tran
sfor
mer
• R
ecal
l and
use
the
eq
uatio
n I p
Vp =
Is V
s (fo
r 10
0% e
ffi c
ienc
y)•
Exp
lain
why
pow
er
loss
es in
cab
les
are
low
er w
hen
the
volta
ge
is h
igh
Section 4: What you need to know
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tsY
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ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
4.6.
4 Th
e m
agne
tic
effe
ct o
f a
curr
ent
• D
escr
ibe
the
patt
ern
of t
he m
agne
tic fi
eld
(incl
udin
g di
rect
ion)
due
to
cur
rent
s in
str
aigh
t w
ires
and
in s
olen
oids
• D
escr
ibe
appl
icat
ions
of
the
mag
netic
eff
ect
of c
urre
nt, i
nclu
ding
the
ac
tion
of a
rela
y
• S
tate
the
qua
litat
ive
varia
tion
of t
he s
tren
gth
of t
he m
agne
tic fi
eld
over
sal
ient
par
ts o
f th
e pa
tter
n•
Sta
te t
hat
the
dire
ctio
n of
a m
agne
tic fi
eld
line
at
a po
int
is t
he d
irect
ion
of
the
forc
e on
the
N p
ole
of a
mag
net
at t
hat
poin
t •
Des
crib
e th
e ef
fect
on
the
mag
netic
fi el
d of
ch
angi
ng t
he m
agni
tude
an
d di
rect
ion
of t
he
curr
ent
4.6.
5 Fo
rce
on a
cu
rren
t-ca
rryi
ng
cond
ucto
r
• D
escr
ibe
an e
xper
imen
t to
sho
w t
hat
a fo
rce
acts
on
a c
urre
nt-c
arry
ing
cond
ucto
r in
a m
agne
tic
fi eld
, inc
ludi
ng t
he e
ffec
t of
reve
rsin
g:
–th
e cu
rren
t –
the
dire
ctio
n of
the
fi e
ld
• S
tate
and
use
the
rela
tive
dire
ctio
ns o
f fo
rce,
fi el
d an
d cu
rren
t •
Des
crib
e an
ex
perim
ent
to s
how
th
e co
rres
pond
ing
forc
e on
bea
ms
of c
harg
ed
part
icle
s
Section 4: What you need to know
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tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
4.6.
6 d.
c. m
otor
• S
tate
tha
t a
curr
ent-
carr
ying
coi
l in
a m
agne
tic fi
eld
expe
rienc
es a
tur
ning
ef
fect
and
tha
t th
e ef
fect
is
incr
ease
d by
: –
incr
easi
ng t
he
num
ber
of t
urns
on
the
coil
–in
crea
sing
the
cur
rent
–in
crea
sing
the
st
reng
th o
f th
e m
agne
tic fi
eld
• R
elat
e th
is t
urni
ng
effe
ct to
the
act
ion
of a
n el
ectr
ic m
otor
incl
udin
g th
e ac
tion
of a
spl
it-rin
g co
mm
utat
or
5. A
tom
ic p
hysi
cs
5.1
The
nucl
ear
atom
5.1.
1 A
tom
ic m
odel
• D
escr
ibe
the
stru
ctur
e of
an
atom
in te
rms
of
a po
sitiv
e nu
cleu
s an
d ne
gativ
e el
ectr
ons
• D
escr
ibe
how
the
sc
atte
ring
of a
-par
ticle
s by
thi
n m
etal
foils
pr
ovid
es e
vide
nce
for
the
nucl
ear
atom
Section 4: What you need to know
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ater
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om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
5.1.
2 N
ucle
us•
Des
crib
e th
e co
mpo
sitio
n of
the
nu
cleu
s in
term
s of
pr
oton
s an
d ne
utro
ns•
Sta
te t
he c
harg
es o
f pr
oton
s an
d ne
utro
ns
• U
se t
he te
rm p
roto
n nu
mbe
r Z
• U
se t
he te
rm n
ucle
on
num
ber
A•
Use
the
term
nuc
lide
and
use
the
nucl
ide
nota
tion
XA Z
• U
se a
nd e
xpla
in t
he te
rm
isot
ope
• S
tate
the
mea
ning
of
nucl
ear
fi ssi
on a
nd
nucl
ear
fusi
on•
Bal
ance
equ
atio
ns
invo
lvin
g nu
clid
e no
tatio
n
5.2
Rad
ioac
tivity
5.2.
1 D
etec
tion
of
radi
oact
ivity
• D
emon
stra
te
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
ba
ckgr
ound
rad
iatio
n•
Des
crib
e th
e de
tect
ion
of α
-par
ticle
s, β
-par
ticle
s an
d γ-
rays
(β +
are
not
in
clud
ed: β
-par
ticle
s w
ill
be t
aken
to re
fer
to β
–)
Section 4: What you need to know
46 Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
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lE
xte
nd
ed m
ater
ial
Yo
u s
ho
uld
be
able
to
:C
hec
klis
tC
om
men
tsY
ou
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le t
o:
Ch
eckl
ist
Co
mm
ents
5.2.
2 C
hara
cter
istic
s of
the
thr
ee k
inds
of
emis
sion
• D
iscu
ss t
he r
ando
m
natu
re o
f ra
dioa
ctiv
e em
issi
on•
Iden
tify α
, β a
nd
γ-em
issi
ons
by re
calli
ng –
thei
r na
ture
–th
eir
rela
tive
ioni
sing
ef
fect
s –
thei
r re
lativ
e pe
netr
atin
g ab
ilitie
s•
(β+ a
re n
ot in
clud
ed,
β– pa
rtic
les
will
be
take
n to
refe
r to
β–)
• D
escr
ibe
thei
r de
fl ect
ion
in e
lect
ric fi
elds
and
in
mag
netic
fi el
ds•
Inte
rpre
t th
eir
rela
tive
ioni
sing
eff
ects
• G
ive
and
expl
ain
exam
ples
of
prac
tical
ap
plic
atio
ns o
f α
, β a
nd
γ-em
issi
ons
5.2.
3 R
adio
activ
e de
cay
• S
tate
the
mea
ning
of
radi
oact
ive
deca
y•
Sta
te t
hat
durin
g α
- or
β-d
ecay
the
nuc
leus
ch
ange
s to
tha
t of
a
diff
eren
t el
emen
t
• U
se e
quat
ions
invo
lvin
g nu
clid
e no
tatio
n to
re
pres
ent
chan
ges
in
the
com
posi
tion
of t
he
nucl
eus
whe
n pa
rtic
les
are
emitt
ed
5.2.
4 H
alf-
life
• U
se t
he te
rm h
alf-
life
in s
impl
e ca
lcul
atio
ns,
whi
ch m
ight
invo
lve
info
rmat
ion
in t
able
s or
de
cay
curv
es
• C
alcu
late
hal
f-lif
e fr
om
data
or
deca
y cu
rves
fr
om w
hich
bac
kgro
und
radi
atio
n ha
s no
t be
en
subt
ract
ed
5.2.
5 S
afet
y pr
ecau
tions
• R
ecal
l the
eff
ects
of
ioni
sing
rad
iatio
ns o
n liv
ing
thin
gs
• D
escr
ibe
how
rad
ioac
tive
mat
eria
ls a
re h
andl
ed,
used
and
sto
red
in a
saf
e w
ay
Section 5: Appendices
47Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
Section 5: Appendices
Symbols, units and defi nitions of physical quantitiesYou should be able to state the symbols for the following physical quantities and, where indicated, state the units in which they are measured. The list for the Extended syllabus includes both the Core and the Supplement.
You should be familiar with the following multipliers: M mega, k kilo, c centi, m milli.
Core Supplement
Quantity Usual symbol
Usual unit Quantity Usualsymbol
Usual unit
length l, h … km, m, cm, mm
area A m2, cm2
volume V m3, cm3
weight W N
mass m, M kg, g mass m, M mg
time t h, min, s time t ms
density ρ g / cm3, kg / m3
speed u, v km / h, m / s, cm / s
acceleration a acceleration a m / s2
acceleration of free fall
g acceleration of free fall
g m / s2
force F N
gravitational fi eld strength
g N / kg
momentum p kg m / s
impulse N s
moment of a force N m
work done W, E J, kJ, MJ
energy E J, kJ, MJ
power P W, kW, MW
pressure p N / m2 pressure p Pa
atmospheric pressure
mm Hg
temperature θ, T °C
Section 5: Appendices
48 Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
Core Supplement
Quantity Usual symbol
Usual unit Quantity Usualsymbol
Usual unit
thermal capacity (heat capacity)
C J / °C
specifi c heat capacity
c J / (g °C), J / (kg °C)
latent heat L J
specifi c latent heat l J / kg, J / g
frequency f Hz, kHz
wavelength λ m, cm
focal length f cm
angle of incidence i degree (°)
angle of refl ection, refraction
r degree (°)
critical angle c degree (°)
refractive index n
potential difference/voltage
V V, mV
current I A, mA
e.m.f. E V
resistance R Ω
charge Q C
Section 5: Appendices
49Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
Command words and phrasesWe use command words to help you to write down the answer they are looking for. This table explains what each of these words or phrases means and will help you to understand the kind of answer you should write. The list is in alphabetical order. You should bear in mind that the meaning of a term may vary slightly according to how the question is worded.
Command word/phrase
Meaning
Calculate A numerical answer is needed. You should show any working, especially when there are two or more steps in a calculation. e.g. calculate the refractive index
Deduce This may be used in two ways:
(i) You fi nd the answer by working out the patterns in the information given to you and drawing logical conclusions from them. You may need to use information from tables and graphs and do calculations e.g. deduce what will happen to velocity of the vehicle if …
(ii) You have to refer to a Law or scientifi c theory or give a reason for your answer e.g. use your knowledge of the kinetic theory to deduce what will happen when ...
Defi ne You need to state the meaning of something,e.g. defi ne speed
Describe You need to state the main points about something (using labelled diagrams if it helps you). e.g. describe a rotating-coil generator
You may also be asked to describe
• observations e.g. describe the ways in which a force may change the motion of a body
• how to do particular experiments e.g. describe an experiment to determine resistance using a voltmeter and an ammeter
Determine You are expected to use a formula or method that you know to calculate a quantity. e.g. determine graphically the resultant of two vectors
Discuss You have to write down points for and against an argument. e.g. discuss the energy loss in cables
Estimate Suggest an approximate value for a quantity based on reasons and data. You may need to make some approximations. e.g. estimate the volume of a test tube.
Explain You have to give reasons for your answer OR refer to a particular theory.
Find This is a general term meaning several similar things such as calculate, measure, determine, etc.
List Write down a number of separate points. Where the number of points is stated in the question, you should not write more than this number. e.g. list three uses of converging lenses
Section 5: Appendices
50 Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
Command word/phrase
Meaning
Meant(what is meant by the term…)
See ‘Understand’
Measure You are expected to fi nd a quantity by using a measuring instrument. e.g. length (by using a ruler), volume (by using a measuring cylinder)
Outline State the main points briefl y. e.g. outline a method of magnetising an iron bar
Predict This can be used in two ways:
(i) You fi nd the answer by working out the patterns in the information provided and drawing logical conclusions from this. You may need to use information from tables and graphs and do calculations. e.g. predict what will happen to the direction of the resultant force if ….
(ii) It may also mean giving a short answer to a question stating what might happen next. e.g. predict what effect an increase in temperature will have on the resistance.
Sketch (i) When drawing graphs, this means that you may draw the approximate shape and/or position of the graph BUT you need to make sure that important details, such as the line passing through the origin or fi nishing at a certain point, are drawn accurately.
(ii) When drawing apparatus or other diagrams, a simple line drawing is all that is needed, but you must make sure that the proportions are correct and the most important details are shown. You should always remember to label your diagrams.
State You should give a short answer without going into any detail. e.g. state the hazards of damaged electrical insulation BUT: ‘state the meaning of…’ is different. It is more like ‘understand’.
Suggest This may be used in two ways:
(i) There may be more than one correct answer. e.g. suggest a precaution to improve the accuracy of the experiment
(ii) You are being asked to apply your general knowledge of physics or reasoning skills to a topic area that is not on the syllabus. e.g. applying ideas about moments to the stability of a vehicle
Understand(what do you understand by the term.)
You should (i) defi ne something and (ii) make a more detailed comment about it. The amount of detail depends on the number of marks awarded. e.g. what do you understand by the term total internal refl ection
Section 5: Appendices
51Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
Mathematical skillsThis is a checklist of the mathematical skills you need for your physics exam.
Tick each box in the checklist when you know that you have got this skill.
Ask your teacher to explain these skills if you are unsure. The comment column is for extra notes and examples.
You can use a calculator for all the papers. You should make sure that you remove any information from your calculator, if it is programmable.
You can: Checklist Comments
• add, subtract, multiply and divide
use:• averages• decimals• fractions• percentages• ratios• reciprocals
• use standard notation (notation is putting symbols for numbers e.g. x = 2, y = 5, atomic mass, Z = 12) including both positive and negative indices
• understand signifi cant fi gures and use them appropriately
• use direct proportion(stepwise increases)
• use inverse proportion(inverse means turned up side down)
You should know that if you plot a graph of y against x, then a straight line through the origin shows that y is directly proportional to xthe inverse of 4 is ¼ (= 0.25)
• use positive, whole number indices in algebraic expressions
• draw charts• graphs with line of best fi t
You will be given the data
interpret:• bar graphs• pie charts• line graphs
• determine the gradient and intercept of a graph
• select suitable scales and axes for graphs
• make approximate evaluations of numerical expressions
Section 5: Appendices
52 Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625
You can: Checklist Comments
recall and use equations for:• the area of a rectangle• the area of a triangle• the area of a circle• the volume of a rectangular block• the volume of a cylinder
area = length × widthvolume = length × breadth height
• use a ruler, compasses, protractor and set square
understand the meaning of:• angle• curve• circle• radius• diameter• circumference• square• parallelogram• rectangle• diagonal
• solve equations of the form x = y + z and x = yz when two of the terms are known
• recognise and use clockwise and anticlockwise directions
• recognise and use points of the compass (N, S, E, W)
• use sines and inverse sines (Extended syllabus only)