Thomas Jefferson was elected the 3rd president of the U.S. in 1801

Was a Democratic-Republican Wanted to limit the powers of government Wanted to protect civil liberties

Aaron Burr - Vice President James Madison – Secretary of State Albert Gallatin – Secretary of the Treasury Removed the Alien and Sedition Acts Lowered military spending and reduced the size of

the army and navy

Protect the nation from foreign threats Deliver the mail Collect customs duties Bank of the United States remained

Chief Justice John Marshall wanted a stronger federal government (Federalist)

Judicial Review – the power of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional

Supreme Court is the final authority on the Constitution

New Orleans was an important trading port

Spain controlled New Orleans and Louisiana

1802 - Spain passed on its problems by giving Louisiana to France in a secret treaty

Napoleon Bonaparte – ruler of France and conquered most of Western Europe

He wanted a North American empire Enslaved Africans in Haiti revolted and defeated

French forces Defeat ended his hopes for an empire

France was at war with Great Britain Napoleon needed money for military supplies He also hoped a larger U.S. would challenge the British French sold Louisiana for $15 million The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S.

May 1804 – Meriwether Lewis and William Clark set out to explore the Louisiana Purchase

Lewis and Clark were both army officers Expedition funded by Congress They formed the Corps of Discovery (50 skilled

frontiersmen) They used the Missouri River as their highway through

unknown lands

Sacagawea – Shoshone woman who guided Lewis and Clark

She was am interpreter She named plants and gathered fruits and vegetables for

the Corps Her brother supplied horses and a mountain guide Nez Perce Indians provided expedition with food

Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific Ocean in November of 1805

Did not find a river route across the West to the Pacific

Learned about western lands and paths across the Rockies

Established contact with many Indians Collected valuable information about plants and

animals

Army officer ordered to find the starting point of the Red River in the West

Red River = established Louisiana Territory’s western border with New Spain

Pike’s Peak in Colorado is named after him Gathered valuable info on the Southwest

U.S. tried to stay neutral, but it soon became impossible

British and French navies boarded U.S. ships looking for war supplies

American merchant vessels were attacked and seized by pirates

Barbary Pirates – pirates from the North African coast who attacked American merchant ships, stole their cargo, and held crews for ransom

USS Constitution – American warship that ended pirate attacks

Impressment – British forced American crewmen to serve in their navy

June 1807 – British ship Leopard attacked the U.S. ship Chesapeake and took sailors by force

Embargo – banning of trade 1807 – Congress passed this act to ban trade with all

foreign countries Congress hoped this act would punish British and French

and protect our merchant ships from being captured Many merchants lost a lot of money without foreign trade The act damaged Jefferson’s popularity

1809 – banned trade only with Britain, France, and their colonies

Congress tried to revive the nation’s trade with this act, but it didn’t work

Tecumseh – Shawnee urged Indian tribes to unite William Henry Harrison – governor of the Indiana

Territory Harrison’s forces destroyed Tecumseh’s village;

Indians retreated Tecumseh’s Indian confederation was never formed

Members of Congress who wanted war with Britain They were angry that the British encouraged

Tecumseh to attack western settlers in order to reduce westward expansion

New England Federalists did not want war – lack of trade with Britain was hurting the economy

1808 – James Madison elected 4th President 1812 – Madison and Congress declare war on Britain

CAUSES Impressment of

American sailors interference with

American shipping British military aid to

Native Americans

EFFECTS Increased sense of

national pride American

manufacturing boosted Native American

resistance weakened

U.S. Navy had well-trained sailors and new, powerful warships, like the USS Constitution

American vessels defeated many British vessels in one-on-one duels because of excellent positioning

September 1813 - Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British navy

U.S. Army under General Harrison invaded Canada Battle of the Thames River – ended British power

in Northwest

Spring 1814 – Andrew Jackson’s forces defeated the Creek Indians in Alabama

Treaty of Fort Jackson – ended the Creek War and Creek gave up millions of acres of land

April 1814 – Britain’s military became more powerful by defeating the French

British attack Washington and set fire to the White House and Capitol

Battle in Baltimore – American forces defeated the British at Fort McHenry

January 1815 - 5,300 British vs. 4,500 American soldiers

Andrew Jackson’s forces killed and wounded over 2,000 British soldiers

Americans suffered 70 casualties This battle made Jackson a national hero Prevented the British from taking the Mississippi

River Last major battle of the war

Belgium, December 24, 1814 Treaty ended the War of 1812 Each nation returned the territory it conquered Some people called the war the second war for

independence American morale was boosted