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South Africa: History Policies, People, and Places

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A country blessed in natural resources and in beauty

World leader in production of diamonds and gold

Mild climate that resembles San Francisco Bay area

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8538DdiKr8

Early South Africa

4+Apartheid & the Nationalist Party

Nationalists won election in 1948

Immediately began enforcing existing policies of racial segregation under a system of legislation that it called apartheid

Under apartheid, nonwhite South Africans would be forced to live in separate areas from whites and use separate public facilities, and contact between the two groups would be limited.

Cry, the Beloved Country was written in 1946 and published in 1948. Think about this in terms of Paton’s view of

South Africa in the novel…

5+Apartheid Apartheid was used to cement control over

economic and social systems.

Quickly became a way of extreme racial separation

6+Institutionalized racial discrimination = Apartheid

Under this system, 13 percent of the population controlled the rest.

Rested on 3 basic principles:

1) There were 4 official racial groups: White, African, Coloured, and Indian

2) Whites were the only “civilized” race, and therefore should exercise complete control over the others.

3) White interests always come before black

7+Just some of the apartheid legislation: 1949: Prohibition of Mixed

Marriages Act required all individuals living in South

Africa to register as a member of one of four officially defined racial groups and prohibited extramarital sexual relationships between people of different races

1950: Population Registration Act provided framework for classifying every person by race in all of South Africa

1959: Immorality Act prohibited whites from marrying or having sexual relations with anyone of another racial group

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Passbooks required for Native Africans

Land Acts controlled all African movement in all urban areas and resulted in the need for Passbooks.

Local officials could remove “idle or undesirable natives” who were found in urban areas longer than 72 hours.

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Passbooks• If an African Native stood outside his front door without his

pass, police could haul him off to jail without notifying anyone.• Murders went unsolved while the courts were jammed with

Pass Law offenders.

10+Sharpeville Massacre For years Africans endured the passbook system.

Pan-African Congress urged Native Africans to protest by showing up at local police stations, without passbooks, and demand to be arrested.

Throughout the country, Africans responded.

20,000 showed up at the Sharpeville prison near Johannesburg.

Things got ugly; police opened fire on the crowd, killing 69 people.

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Sharpeville: The beginning of the end…

“My car was struck by a stone. If they do these things, they must learn their lesson” Hundreds dead--many shot in the back

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Anti-Apartheid Leaders

13+Nelson Mandela President of the ANC (African National Congress) in 1951

Between 1951-1960, he began to realize that nonviolence was not going to be effective.

In 1962, he was arrested for leaving South Africa illegally and sentenced to 5 years in jail.

Tried a year later for treason and given life sentence on Robben Island

In this maximum security prison for 27 years

Public discussion of him was illegal

Freed on February 11, 1990

In 1994 in the first free election, he was elected president.

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Nelson Mandela http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCZKZILvE70

Mandela in prison His famous number

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Steve Biko “Black is beautiful.”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JNmAcgdO2Ck

Founder of the Black Consciousness movement

Was “banned” in 1973

On September 7, 1977, he was arrested and sustained a head injury during “interrogation.”

Doctors examined him while he was naked, lying on a mat, manacled to metal grille

By September 11,, he had slipped into a coma and was transported to a hospital 12 hours away.

Made the journey lying naked in the back of a Land Rover

Died from brain damage on September 12 — lying on the floor of a cell in Pretoria Prison

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Chris Hani http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0IGS2ZD_5A

Charismatic leader of South African Communist Party

Shot 4 times on April 10, 1993, in his own driveway A turning point – would the nation erupt

in violence? Mandela was elected just over a year

after Hani’s death 4 days later, Dave Matthews Band began

playing a song, #36, to honor Hani Starts with “Honey, Honey, come and

dance with me,” which was originally written as, “Hani, Hani, come and dance with me.” On a related noted, Dave Matthews

Band is Mr. Bruno’s favorite band. They are cool.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=il5uQm_1vUE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXe8PFKsOIc

People who killed him are still in prison