Post on 27-Mar-2015
- S & T Indicators: an overview of Croatia
Emira Bečić
Gordana Prutki - Pečnik
Ministry of Science and Technology of Croatia
CURRENT SITUATION ON THE NATIONAL LEVEL
Legal bases for the research:
• Act on Statistics is the legal and methodological bases for the determination of the statistics and statistical research, surveys, data collection, data processing and data publishing.
• Statistical Surveys are provided on the bases of the relevant national Act on Statistics and Annual Programs of Statistical Surveys.
• The data are collected by statistical questionnaire from all national sources.
• Scientific and research activity is defined by the Act on Scientific Activity and Higher Education, and levels of education according to the National Standard Classification of Education (NSCE).
• Relevant international standards for the R&D survey are: ISCED 97, UNESCO Document BPE '98/WS/1,
Frascati Manual
Data sources:
• Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), www.dzs.hr• Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of Croatia (MoST), www.mzt.hr• Ministry of finance of Croatia (MoF), www.mfin.hr• Croatian Patent office, www.dziv.hr• Croatian Employment Service, www.hzz.hr
Sources for further information:
• Statistical Yearbook, annual yearbook• Research and Development, annual reports• First release, monthly reports
General notes of the data quality:
• Major institution responsible for methodology and technical notes, collection, processing, publishing and revision the data related to the R & D and S &T is Central Bureau of Statistics of Croatia (CBS): Department for Education, Research and Development, Culture and Social Welfare.
• Since 1970 CBS provides data on High education. Database on HE includes all types of university students based on NSCE classification (harmonized with ISCED -97), institutions and staff.
• CBS in Croatia has not established yet the database on the Financing of Education. Up-to-date data for financing of education are based on report by the funding ministry (e.g. Fiscal database MoF established by IMF GFS Methodology)
• Since 1998 Croatia provides data on Education statistics by UNESCO –UIS Questionnaire (UIS/A,/B,/C)
• Since 1972 CBS provides data on R&D.
• Since 1996 Frascati Manual has been used for the official data collection. The CBS provides comparative data available from the period 1997 to 2002.
• Data on R&D are collected annually by separate questionnaire forms from:
Business enterprise sector - data coverage is limited to enterprise/trade companies (including public enterprises) with more than 100 employees, officially registered by Act on Scientific Activity and Higher Education (according to the National Classification of Economic Activities). Therefore not all business organizations performing R&D are included in official statistics
Government sector (public institutes, R&D departments of health care institutions, etc.),
Higher education sector – faculties/universities and all other institutions of higher education.
The data on Patents are collected in the frame of official R&D Questionnaire, and continually up-dated by Croatian Patent Office
Survey of R&D includes the data of the Human Resources in R&D: number of researchers; R&D personnel (FTE); R & D Expenditure; Number of scientific publications and number of publications by UDC; Number of Patents.
• Today CBS in Croatia has established database on:
- Human Resources in R & D- R & D Expenditure - Scientific Publications by scientific fields, according to the UDC
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS: AN OVERVIEW OF CROATIA 1. R & D INVESTMENT
1.1. Total investment
• The share of R & D as a % of GDP (GERD) has been increasing last few years. It expresses increasing country’s relative efforts to create new knowledge. Continuously increasing R & D expenditure on national level represents one of the major drivers of economic growth in knowledge based economy. (See Table 1, and figure 1.1.)
• In terms of R & D intensity (figure 1.1. and 1.2.) Croatia, like the candidate countries is under than the level of the EU 1, 9%. The level of Croatia of 1, 2% is lower than Slovenia (1, 5%). Comparing to the other candidate countries Croatia has higher level of R&D expenditure in relation to GDP. High levels and strong dynamics of R&D intensity have given positive support to the future growth dynamics of Croatia.
• The share of R & D financed by the business sector (45,1%) – which reflects profit- oriented R&D activities – is lower than the EU average of 56,3%, and lower than in Slovenia (56,9%);Czech Republic (52,6%); Romania(50,2%) and Slovak Republic (49,9%), comparing to the data for latest available year. (See figure 1.3. BERD as a % of GERD)
Two indicators:
• Indicator: Total R&D expenditure in relation to GDP (GERD as a % of GDP)• Indicator: Research and development expenditure financed by business sector (BERD as a
% of GERD)
Table 1. Total expenditure on R&D in Croatia
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics
Expenditure on R&D in Croatia 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
BERD Expenditure on R&D in the Business Enterprise Sector
% of GDP 0,25% 0,25% 0,43% 0,55% 0,45%
GOVERD Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D
% of GDP 0,26% 0,19% 0,21% 0,26% 0,25%
HERD Expenditure on R&D in the Higher Education Sector
% of GDP 0,26% 0,27% 0,34% 0,41% 0,39%
GERD Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D
% of GDP 0,77% 0,71% 0,98% 1,23% 1,09%
GDP at market prices (current)
US$ mln 21.109,00 21.628,00 19.906,00 18.427,00 19.536,00
GDP/per capita US$ 4.398 4.805 4.371 4.153 4.402
32
34
33
35
27
38
44
21
35
45
22
33
41
23
36
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
share in %
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 year
Figure 1. Sectors performing R&D as % of GERD in Croatia
HERD
GOVERD
BERD
Source:CBS of Croatia
Figure 1.1. R&D intensity (GERD as %GDP) in Candidate countries - comparing Croatia, (1)
0,25
0,40
0,41
0,57
0,60
0,63
0,66
0,69
0,75
0,75
1,23
1,24
1,51
1,93
0 1 2 3
Cyprus
Latvia
Romania
Bulgaria
Lithuania 1
Turkey
Slovak Rep.
Hungary
Estonia
Poland
Croatia
Czech Rep
Slovenia
EU -15
Source data: Eurostat Notes: 1) EU-15: estimate, LT and CRO:2000; All other countries 1999.
Figure 1.2. R&D intensity (GERD as % of GDP) 1999 (1)
0,68
0,76
0,94
1,04
1,21
1,80
1,86
1,93
1,96
2,02
2,06
2,15
2,48
2,69
2,98
3,37
3,78
0 1 2 3 4
Greece (1)
Portugal
Spain
Italy (1)
Ireland (1)
Austria
UK
EU-15
Belgium (1)
Netherlands (1)
Denmark (1)
France
Germany
US
Japan
Finland
Sweden (1)
Source data: Eurostat, OECDNotes: (1)EL,IRL,I,B,NL,DK,S:1999All other countries and EU:2000
1.2 Private investment• Indicator: Research and development expenditure financed by business sector
(BERD as a % of GERD)
Figure 1.3. BERD as % of GERD in Candidate countries - comparing Croatia, 1999
15,7
17,4
22,8
25,2
38,1
38,5
43,3
45,1
49,9
50,2
52,6
56,9
56,3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Latvia
Cyprus
Bulgaria
Estonia
Poland
Hungary
Turkey
Croatia (1)
Slovak Rep.
Romania
Czech Rep.
Slovenia
EU - 15 (1)
Source data: Eurostat, CBS of CroatiaNotes: (1) EU-15,CRO:2000 and estimate;All other countries 1999
Figures 1.4. BERD as % of GERD in EU, Japan and US, 2000 or latest available year (1)
22,7
28,5
45,1
49,3
54,3
56,4
63,4
63,6
64,0
65,5
65,6
70,9
71,0
71,4
71,6
72,9
75,1
75,3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Portugal
Greece
Croatia
Italy
Spain
Netherlands
Denmark
Austria
France
EU-15 (2)
UK
Finland
Japan
Germany
Belgium
Ireland
Sweden
US
Source data: Eurostat; OECD MSTI
Notes:A:1998,B,DK,EL, IRL,I,NL,P.S:1999;D,E:2001;
The Structure funding of the GERD in Croatia 1997 – 2000 is folows:
• The business sector is financed cca 90 % of its R&D activity through its own resources in 1997, and 73 % in 2000. The amount of BERD doubled in the same period, with internal business sector financial sources being replaced by financing from other private and public enterprises and by foreign investors.
• The government sector financed 80 % by central and local government funds with a constant source of financing derived from its desire to provide R&D as a social and economic service.
• Higher education R&D is also financed mostly by government (70
%)
Table 2. Financing R&D in Croatia, by sources and sector performing R&D
Sources of funds for R&D
Sectors performing R&DAll sectors
totalGERD
BusinessBERD
Government GOVERDHigher education
HERD
1997 total, HRK 000 311.182 326.218 320.951 958.351
Own resources 89,6 % 14,6 % 20,7 % 41,0 %
Central and local government 1,6 % 71,0 % 65,7 % 46,7 %
Private and public enterprises 6,9 % 2,2 % 9,6 % 6,2 %
Other domestic resources 0,8 % 1,3 % 1,9 % 1,3 %
Foreign investors 1,1 % 10,9 % 2,2 % 4,8 %
1998 total, HRK 000 343.540 260.683 376.992 981.215
Own resources 88,1 % 13,1 % 20,5 % 42,2 %
Central and local government 0,4 % 79,2 % 65,0 % 46,2 %
Private and public enterprises 10,7 % 5,2 % 13,2 % 10,2 %
Other domestic resources 0,3 % 1,7 % 0,3 % 0,7 %
Foreign investors 0,6 % 0,9 % 1,1 % 0,8 %
1999 total, HRK 000 609.337 298.602 489.822 1.397.761
Own resources 83,1 % 14,6 % 20,0 % 46,4 %
Central and local government 2,4 % 80,4 % 69,6 % 42,6 %
Private and public enterprises 11,4 % 2,7 % 7,7 % 8,2 %
Other domestic resources 2,5 % 1,0 % 2,0 % 2,0 %
Foreign investors 0,6 % 1,3 % 0,8 % 0,8 %
2000 total, HRK 000 847.874 405.382 628.583 1.881.839
Own resources 72,6 % 15,8 % 15,2 % 41,2 %
Central and local government 2,0 % 80,0 % 77,5 % 44,0 %
Private and public enterprises 10,7 % 2,9 % 6,2 % 7,5 %
Other domestic resources 3,9 % 0,9 % 0,1 % 2,0 %
Foreign investors 10,8 % 0,4 % 1,0 % 5,3 %
2. HUMAN RESOURCES IN S & T2.1 Researchers
• The total number of researchers in R&D increased continuously in the last few years. (Figure 2, and figure 3. See also ANNEX II: Table 3; 3.2.)
• The rate of increase in total number of researchers is in correlations with increasing the total spending on R&D. The distribution of researchers by sector is as follows: the government 30, 3%, business 17, 3% and High education sector 52, 4%.
• In Croatia like in other candidate countries the role of researchers in the higher education sector is quite significant.
• In Croatia like in all candidate countries the share of the business sector is much lower than in the EU (50%).
Table 3.1. R& D Investment in human resources in S & T in Candidate countries-comparing Croatia, 1999
R&DPersonnel
FTE per 000
labour force
Total R&D personnel
FTE 1
Researchers by sector
Total
FTE 1
Government
sector
%
Business sector %
Higher education
sector %
Bulgaria : 16.087 10.580 66,7 11,8 20,9
Cyprus : 681 278 29,7 23,1 42,7
Czech Rep. 4,7 4 24.106 13.535 31,6 42,9 25,0
Estonia : 4.545 3.002 20,7 12,6 66,3
Hungary 5,7 21.329 12.579 36,2 25,9 37,9
Latvia : 4.301 2.626 28,6 7,3 64,1
Lithuania . : 11.791 7.777 32,9 3,7 63,4
Poland 3,3 3 82.368 56.433 19,2 18,3 62,5
Romania 2,9 3 44.091 23.473 24,3 65,8 9,9
Slovak Rep. 5,8 3 14.849 9.204 26,4 27,4 46,2
Slovenia 8,9 3 8.495 4.427 34,1 34,8 29,5
Turkey 1,0 24.267 20.065 10,9 16,2 72,9
EU -15 2 9,9 1.689.490 919.796 14,2 50,0 34,3
Croatia (5) 3,2 8.827 5.523 30,3 17,3 52,4
Source data: Eurostat, OECD MSTI (5) CBS of Croatia
Notes: 1) All values for Lithuania from year 2000; 2) FTE = full- time equivalent; 3) values for year 1998; 4) Czech Rep. 2000;
Indicator: Number of researchers in relation to the labour force
Figure 2. Total number of researchers (FTE) in Croatia
6385
47365523
6772
10043
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1997. 1998. 1999. 2000. 2001.
Source: CBS of Croatia
Figures 3. Total researchers (FTE) per 000 labour force - comparing Croatia, 2000
1,0
2,9
3,2
3,3
4,1
5,7
5,8
8,9
9,9
0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0
Turkey
Romania
Croatia (1)
Poland
Czech Rep.
Hungary
Slovak Rep.
Slovenia
EU -15
Source data: Eurostat, (1)CBS of Croatia
2.2. Investment in tertiary education
Figures 5. Public expenditure on tertiary education: % of GDP 1999
0,5
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,9
0,9
1,1
1,1
1,1
1,2
2,1
2,1
2,4
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
Japan
Czech Rep.
Poland
Slovak Rep.
Hungary
Croatia (1)
Turkey
Greece
EU-15 (1)
Ireland
Finland
Sw eden
Denmark
Source: (1) OECD, CBS of Croatia
Figure 4. Total researchers (FTE) per 000 labour force and R&D intensity, 1999
1,24
0,69
0,75
0,40
0,66
1,51
0,63
1,93
1,23
4,7
3,3
2,9
5,8
8,9
1,0
9,9
3,2
5,7
0,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00 12,00
Czech Rep.
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Slovak Rep.
Slovenia
Turkey
EU -15
Croatia (2)
R&D personnelFTE per thousandlabour f orce (2)GERD/GDP % (1)
Source data Eurostat; CBS of Croatia
Notes: FTE=f ull - time equiv alent; (1) 1999; (2) 2000
3. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY• Indicator: Number of scientific publications per capita• Indicator: Number of patents per capita
Figure 6. Number of Publications (2) per million population - comparing Croatia, 1999
69
70
127
143
170
185
221
293
330
352
365
370
577
755
0 200 400 600 800
Turkey
Romania
Lithuania
Latvia
Cyprus
Bulgaria
Poland
Slovak Rep.
Estonia
Czech Rep.
Croatia (1)
Hungary
Slovenia
EU-15
Source data: Eurostat; (1) CBS of CroatiaNotes: (2) Publications from 11fields
Figures 7. Number of patents per 10000 population, average 1996 -1998
0,1
0,4
0,6
0,6
0,7
2,6
4,7
5,7
7,7
0 2 4 6 8 10
Croatia (1)
Slovak Rep.
Poland
Czech Rep.
Hungary
EU
USA
OECD
Japan
Sources data: OECD MSTI, (1) Croatian Patent off ice
Problems and disadvantages of current R & D methodology
• The annual report on R&D is submitted by all legal entities dealing with R&D activities during the last calendar year. The coverage is one of the main problems with this statistics in our country, especially concerning the coverage of R&D activities in the business sector (enterprises / trade companies).
• Explanation of the low share of the BERD as % of GDP in Croatia in the period from 1997 to 2000 can be found in the sample of business entities covered in the data collection questionnaire. The small number of business entities comprised in CBS coverage indicates the lack of information bases according to which the larger number of smaller entities would be also identified as performing R&D activities.
• The methodology used by the Central Bureau of Statistics in expressing sources of funds for R&D in Croatia does not exactly match with the categories of financing sources used by OECD statistics. Example: it is not possible to identify exactly separately public and private financing of R&D.
• Croatia has not full established database on R&D, S&T.
Perspectives
• establish Croatian R&D Indicators database
• establish Croatian S&T Indicators database
• establish Croatian database on Financing of Education
• establish Croatian Education Indicators database
• Completely harmonize National Methodology of R&D with EUROSTAT Methodology
• Launch Survey Questionnaire for GBOARD next year.
• Introduce in CBS formal organizations Units for R&D and S&T indicators
• Add education Statistic in the CBS of Croatia and other relevant institutions in Croatia about R&D and S&T statistics.
• In cooperation with the other CEES countries launch Countries Survey on S&T policy, and
define relevant indicators.
Annex I: Table 3. R & D investment and human resources in S & T in candidate countries – comparisons Croatia, 1999
GERD /
GDPBERD / GDP GERD R&D
personnelFTE per
thousand labour force
Total R&D
personnel FTE 1
Researchers by sector
% %
Financed by Government
%
Financed by Business %
Total FTE 1
Government sector
%
Business sector %
Higher education sector %
Bulgaria 0,57 1,16 69,7 22,8 : 16.087 10.580 66,7 11,8 20,9
Cyprus 0,25 0,50 68,5 17,4 : 681 278 29,7 23,1 42,7
CzecRep. 1,24 7,81 42,6 52,6 4,7 3 24.106 13.535 31,6 42,9 25,0
Estonia 0,75 1,79 64,8 24,2 : 4.545 3.002 20,7 12,6 66,3
Hungary 0,69 2,76 53,2 38,5 5,7 21.329 12.579 36,2 25,9 37,9
Latvia 0,41 0,70 55,6 15,7 : 4.301 2.626 28,6 7,3 64,1
Lithuania . 0,60 1,29 : : : 11.791 7.777 32,9 3,7 63,4
Poland 0,75 3,08 58,5 38,1 3,3 3 82.368 56.433 19,2 18,3 62,5
Romania 0,40 2,99 46,7 50,2 2,9 3 44.091 23.473 24,3 65,8 9,9
SlovakRep. 0,66 4,16 47,9 49,9 5,8 3 14.849 9.204 26,4 27,4 46,2
Slovenia 1,51 8,32 36,8 56,9 8,9 3 8.495 4.427 34,1 34,8 29,5
Turkey 0,63 2,40 47,7 43,3 1,0 24.267 20.065 10,9 16,2 72,9
EU -15 2 1,93 12,63 34,2 56,3 9,9 1.689.490 919.796 14,2 50,0 34,3
Croatia 3 1,23 0,55 21,5 45,1 3,2 8.827 5.523 30,3 17,3 52,4
Source data:Eurostat, CBS of CroatiaNotes: 1) FTE= Full time equivalent 2) 2000 and estimate 3) 2000 and estimate
Table 3.2. R&D Investment in human resources
in S & T in EU countries-comparing Croatia, 1999
Researchers by sector
Total FTE 2
Government
sector %
Business sector %
Higher education sector
%
Belgium 10.580 66,7 11,8 20,9
Denmark 278 29,7 23,1 42,7
Germany 13.535 31,6 42,9 25,0
Spain 3.002 20,7 12,6 66,3
France 12.579 36,2 25,9 37,9
Ireland 2.626 28,6 7,3 64,1
Italy 7.777 32,9 3,7 63,4
Netherlands 56.433 19,2 18,3 62,5
Austria 23.473 24,3 65,8 9,9
Portugal 9.204 26,4 27,4 46,2
Finland 4.427 34,1 34,8 29,5
Sweden 20.065 10,9 16,2 72,9
EU -15 919.796 14,2 50,0 34,3
Croatia1 5.523 30,3 17,3 52,4
Source data: Eurostat, OECD MSTI(1) CBS of Croatia
Annex II: HIGH EDUCATION QUESTIONNAIRE and R & D QUESTIONNAIRE
Name of Research/data collections / questionnaire Frequency/Level
Relevant national standards
Relevant international standards
Harmonized with EU rules and regulations
1. Higher education institutions (ŠV – 21) Annual / the Republic of Croatia, towns,municipalities
Act on Scientific Activity and Higher Education (NN 123/03)Directories of Settlements - Methodology (NN. 104/97.)
ISCED 97, (UNESCO Document BPE '98/WS/1)ISO 3166
Completely
2. Under graduated University Students (ŠV – 20) Annual/ the Republic of Croatia, towns,municipalities
Act on Scientific Activity and Higher Education (NN 123/03)Directories of Settlements - Methodology (NN. 104/97.)National Standards Classification of Education – NSCE (NN,105/01)
ISCED 97, (UNESCO Document BPE '98/WS/1)ISO 3166
Completely
3. Graduated students (ŠV – 50)(17 different sub- questionnaires)
Annual / the Republic of Croatia, towns,municipalities
Act on Scientific Activity and Higher Education (NN 123/03)Directories of Settlements - Methodology (NN. 104/97.)National Standards Classification of Education – NSCE (NN,105/01)
ISCED 97, (UNESCO Document BPE '98/WS/1)ISO 3166
Completely
4. Postgraduate Students in the School Year (ŠV – 30) Annual / the Republic of Croatia, towns,municipalities
Act on Scientific Activity and Higher Education (NN 123/03)Directories of Settlements - Methodology (NN. 104/97.)National Classification, of Economic Activities – NCEA (NN, 3/97, i 7/97)National Standards Classification of Education – NSCE (NN,105/01)
ISCED 97, (UNESCO Document BPE '98/WS/1)ISO 3166
Completely
6. Doctors of Science- (ŠV – 70)(16 different sub- questionnaires)
Annual / the Republic of Croatia, towns,municipalities
Act on Scientific Activity and Higher Education (NN 123/03)Directories of Settlements - Methodology (NN. 104/97.)National Classification, of Economic Activities – NCEA (NN, 3/97and7 /97) National Standards Classification of Education – NSCE (NN,105/01)
ISCED 97, (UNESCO Document BPE '98/WS/1)ISO 3166
Completely
7. Educational Staff in Institutions of Higher Education (ŠV 60)
Annual / Republic of Croatia
National Classification, of Economic Activities – NCEA (NN, 3/97, and 7/97)
ISCED 97, (UNESCO Document BPE '98/WS/1)
Completely
8. Candidates for a Doctorate – Persons in a process of getting a Doctorate (ŠV – 49)
Annual / the Republic of Croatia, towns,municipalities
Act on Scientific Activity and Higher Education (NN 123/03)Directories of Settlements - Methodology (NN. 104/97.)National Classification, of Economic Activities – NCEA (NN, 3/97, i 7/97)National Standards Classification of Education – NSCE (NN,105/01)
ISCED 97, (UNESCO Document BPE '98/WS/1)ISO 3166
Completely
9. Research and Development Questionnaire R&D -1 Business sectorQuestionnaire R&D -2 Public sectorQuestionnaire R&D -3 High EducationPatents and patents applications
Annual / Republic of Croatia
Act on Statistics (NN, 52/94)Annual Programs of Statistical Surveys Statistical Research Program Republic of CroatiaAct on Scientific Activity and Higher Education (NN 123/03)Classification Scientific Fields (NN, 29/97,135/97, 8/00, 30/00Methodological Manual on R & D, 1997, 2003. Act on Patents,
Frascati Manual Partially