Post on 04-Apr-2018
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
1/6925 :
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
2/69
24
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
3/69
:
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
4/69
Rice paddies in Mae Hong Son.
26
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
5/69
:
27 :
,
-
Rice from the paddies
in the central region.
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
6/69
,
, ,
28
Rice grains.
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
7/69
Oryza (Cultivated rice) (Wild rice) (Japonica) (Indica) (Javadica) (O.graberrima)
..
..
..
..
29 :
Ready-to-cook rice.
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
8/69
: Cooked rice.
30
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
9/69
. - . . - .
(Japo (Indica)
31 :
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
10/69
32
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
11/69
() -
, ,
Hvorslev , ,
,
, , ,
33
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
12/69
,
,
Plowing the rice paddies
in Suphan Buri.
34
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
13/69
....
..
...
...
.. ..(.. )
35
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
14/69
A small yoke.
This yoke is made from a piece of
rod about a foot long and as thick
as a wrist. At each end is a stopper.
It is attached to the short wooden
whippletree with a piece of rope.
A piece of leather trace ties its
middle part with the plow handle.
It is called small yoke after this
size, which is smaller than
a normal yoke made from an
arm-size wooden piece of more
two meters long. It is also used
to control t he cattle pulling a cart
or a plow.
This tool called khom
is made from a piece of
bamboo bended to fit
the buffalos neck.
The bending process starts
when it is still young, and
then left to grow to maturity.
The upturned ends are for
the rope attached to the
cart, or the pulling robe
attached to the plow.
36
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
15/69
-
A two-oxen plow
from the central region.
..
37
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
16/69
Khup toi is a tool
for field grading.
The khup can be made
with pointed pieces of woodsticking into the main grinder
to help with movement
on the rough surface of
the plowed fields or mud.
38
.. .
, .
x
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
17/69
Krad - a tool consisting o
a row of teeth set in a head
attached to a long shaft,
an implement used to brea
clods of soil.
39
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
18/69
40
Khanam a temporary shelter
in the paddy
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
19/69
()
A spirit house in the field, u
built as a shelter for the fie
41
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
20/69
/
A woven bamboo basket
called chonglong to remove
water from a shallow water well.It is fastened to a bamboo
tripod so that it stays clear
above the water at a
convenient height.
To operate it, the farmer lifts
the long handle allowing
the basket to dip into the water
and removing the water
when it is lifted.
42
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
21/69
A traditional charm called
chalew usually made from
woven bamboo strips in the
pattern of a five-or six-point star.
In the old days, it was often placed
on a medicine pot, in
order to ward off evil spirits,
which might come to discredit the
medicinal power. It is sometimes
placed on an offering for wandering
spirits by the road junction.In the rice paddies when the rice
is p regnant, or during the ritual
before rice beating on the rice
lawn, it is placed at the four
corners to curb evil spirits from
damaging the rice.
Rahad
a traditional wooden water
comes in different sizes.
In the rail are a furrow and
wooden cogs serving as w
to drive water along the fur
This tool is normally used
where the water level of th
two areas is not too differe
The end of the mill will be
placed into the high water
whereas the upper end wil
toward the dryer area wher
want water to go to.
When the water is pulled
along the furrow, it goes al
a discharge flume into the
In the old days, the mill wapowered by people or a
windmill. Now it is motoriz
43
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
22/69
()
Offering voluntary hands
for rice planting is a traditionin Thai society.
44
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
23/69
.....
...
45
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
24/69
46
A crescent harvest knife
called khiao made from
a sharp piece of metal.
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
25/69
47
,
.
.
.
A southern harvest tool ca
krae which used to
cut rice stalks individually.
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
26/69
48
An unusual harvest knife called
khiao kho with a two-sided
wooden handle, one side of
which is more rounded and
bigger than the other.
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
27/69
A harvest tool from the So
called krud with a woode
handle and a flat and big u
piece where the slight cres
blade is embedded.
49
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
28/69
. ( ). . . . . . . .
. ( ). . . (). . . .
( ). . (). . . ( ). (
). (
). .
A cart from Suphan Buri.
50
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
29/69
51
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
30/69
.. ..
Khanlao-a two-pointed pole
to t ransport rice bunches,
is normally made from a piece
of bamboo about two meters
long with a node about a foot
from each pointed end.
The farmer sticks either end
into a rice bunch and lifts it.
The node serves as a stopper
to secure the bunches
to the pole.
52
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
31/69
- -
...( -) ( -) (
( ( -)
53
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
32/69
Northern farmers are beating
rice stalks to separate
rice grains from the chaff.
54
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
33/69
55
() ( )
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
34/69
Khochai-
a long-handled hook to pull
the rice stalks during the
kneading session. It is made
from a bamboo rod almost two
meters long, slightly bended in
the middle, and fitted with asmall crescent hook at one end.
56
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
35/69
Kradan Chak- a sweepin
board to pull rice grains int
a pile before being fed into
mill is made from a piece o
about 10-12 by 40-50 inch
and an inch thick. The inne
is slightly thinned and slop
a better sweep. A long hanis fitted at the middle of t h
A piece of cord it fastened
end of the board for pulling
It needs three people to
operate: one to pull the ha
the other two pull the boar
by the end cord.
57
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
36/69
Sifad-
a traditional rice mill separates
the grains from the chaff.
It blows away the dirt,
straw pieces, and grass.
The weighty rice grains will
fall to the front of the mill,
ready to be sacked or stored.
58
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
37/69
. () ()
Parts of traditional rice mil
59
hand lever
tray for rice grains
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
38/69
A fan made from woven
bamboo strips is used to blow
away dirt or unwanted pieces
from the rice grains.
60
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
39/69
.
.
,
61
A huge woven circular bas
called khru used for rice
stalks beating.
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
40/69
( )
A wooden rice hoe is for
throwing the rice grains into
the air so that the wind blows
away the unwanted pieces.
62
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
41/69
63
A pair of thrasher.This tool is made from a pa
of wooden rods of more th
one foot long.
It is used to catch a batch
rice stalks, to be thrashed
grain container.
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
42/69
A traditional rice silo in
the northeast.
64
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
43/69
65
A traditional rice silo in the
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
44/69
A traditional rice silo
in the central.
A traditional rice silo
in the south.
66
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
45/69
A woven bamboo basket w
a wide opening called pom
to store rice grains. A big omeasures about one or one
a half meters at the openin
and almost two meters tall
slightly rounded in the mid
and tapers to the square b
It is normally smeared with
animal dung to curb moistu
and to stop grains from dr
through the holes. It is usu
placed on a bamboo benc
shelf under the house, cov
with a flat circular basket.
67
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
46/69
A cylindrical vessel with open
ends called talom khao is
normally made from bamboo
strips to store rice grains and
seeds. The strip on one end iskept protruding for about
six inches in order that the
basket can be stuck to the
ground.
Bung khao chuea-
an ordinary basket made
from woven bamboo strips
used for transporting or storing
grains and seeds. The outer
side is often smeared with
animal dung.
68
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
47/69
( )
(FolkArchitecture) (IndigenousArchitecture)
()
( ) ()
69
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
48/69
. . . , , .
..
()
70
A mortar for crushing or grinding
can be made of wood, stone,
terra cotta, or metal. The sizeand shape vary. The smallest
for making a chili dip, about
15-30 cm in diameter, is called
khrok kabuea The big mortar,
called khrok som mue is usually
made of wood, measuring about
50-60 cm in diameter. It has a
hole in the middle for rice
grinding with a 150-cm-long
hardwood pestle, which is often
slightly tapered in the middle
for a better grip.
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
49/69
71
...
....
A flat basket for rice blowin
called kradong is made o
woven bamboo strips, meaabout 80 cm in diameter.
In the picture is a special k
of this type of basket calle
kradong lai kho. Its shap
circular with a pointed side
resembles a pipal leaf and
it is woven with a special
fishbone design.
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
50/69
()
..
Khrok kradueang is an
ancient folk tool to crush rice
grains which the Thai people
might have invented hundreds
of years ago.
72
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
51/69
A rice mill is a machine to s
rice grains from the chaff, i
of crushing it in a rice mort
73
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
52/69
...
74
( )
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
53/69
Krachang- a bamboo basket
for keeping shrimp and fish.
Khong- a fish basket
for keeping fish.
75
Sai dak kung- a small bamboo
basket woven shrimp trap in
cylindrical shape with narrow
neck.
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
54/69
76
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
55/69
...
A terra cotta stove made in
shape of a human hip calle
tao choeng kran
77
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
56/69
78
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
57/69
...
...
79
Left
A kitchen is normally separ
from the sleeping quarters
It is often a smaller space f
with narrow pieces of timb
or bamboo rods allowing th
to have holes or slits for w
drainage and ventilation.
The wall is made from roug
woven bamboo rods for
ventilation. The gable is als
open to allow cooking smo
to easily emit from the kitc
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
58/69
A rice container calledkong khao is widely used
in the north and the northeast.
It is made of double-layers of
woven bamboo strips in different
shapes and sizes according
to local preference.
Its lid helps keep the rice warm
for a long time. A rope attached
around it is for carrying
or hanging.
80
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
59/69
Kraba is a kind of coverefor keeping rice and other
It prevents dirt, flies, or ani
from getting to the food. It
sometimes used to serve t
meal in.
Kraboam- a tray used in
the northeast for kneadingthe cooked sticky rice befo
keeping it in the rice contai
81
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
60/69
(.. )
A pedestal tray for serving
food called tok, widely used
in the north, is normally made
of polished wood. It often comes
in three sizes. The biggest,
about 25-55 inches in diameter,
is used in the court or in the
northern royal household.
The mid-size, about 17-24 inches
in diameter, is usually used for
serving food to high-ranking
monks, in wealthy households,
or in big family. The small
size used in a small family isabout 10-15 inches in diameter.
()
Bencharong (five-colored) pottery
of the Ayutthaya and
Rattanakosin Period.
82
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
61/69
( (ston (celadon)
83
Sangkhalok or Sangalok
is a kind of ceramics made
Sukhothai Period. The clay
patterned into various hou
items then fired until it was
strong as stoneware. It cou
be glazed. The unglazed st
techniques was usually us
big objects such as water j
pots, lamps, or decorative
pieces. They were often in
gray or dark brown colors.
The glazed items were ofte
celadon green and other d
shades of green, or in othe
such as black, brown, gray
off-white.
A northeastern woven con
a meal called pha khao,
made from rattan or bamb
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
62/69
Chapter One
Rice: The Staple ofThai Society
Thai Wisdom: Thai Ways of Life
84
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
63/69
85 Rice: The Staple of Thai Society
Rice (GRAMINEAE) has long been the
staple diet of the Siamese. The long-grain
rice grown in Thailand is a tropical plant with
long stalks and soft hay. In the Chiang Saen
and Lanna Empires, around the 10th-17th
centuries CE, the Siamese grew both long
and short grain glutinous rice more than the
ordinary rice. During the Sukhothai Period
(circa 1238-1438 CE), short-grain glutinous
rice was more commonly grown than the
long-grain and the ordinary rice.
The trend continued in the Ayutthaya Period
(1350-1767 CE). Cultivation of long-grain
ordinary rice, however, increased during
the late Ayutthaya Period, and the trend
has continued until now.
Long-grain ordinary rice (Oryza sativa L.,)
is usually consumed in the Central Plains,
the South, and the Lower Northeast. Glutinous
rice is locally called sticky rice because, once
cooked, it tends to stick together better. It is
the staple diet of the northern and upper
northeastern people. It is widely used in many
kinds of traditional desserts as well.
Rice stalks from the paddy
fields in Suphan Buri Province,in the Central Region.
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
64/69
Rice Planting ToolsThe first tool for rice planting could be
a pointed stick made from a bamboo rod,
to poke holes in the ground for grains.
Once it had rainwater or moisture from
dews, the grains would grow into rice stalks.
Humans later developed sowing as
another planting method. A plow was invented
to upturn the soil, the grains were sowed,
and the soil was once again plowed to cover
the grains. This method was more rapid than
the primitive planting style and the yield was
also better although it still depended on
weather conditions.
Lately, another rice planting method hasbeen developed from the simple sowing
method. Rice paddies are leveled, compacted,
and partitioned into smaller plots with raised
earth dunes around them, equipped with a
simple mechanism to trap or release the water.
Irrigation system, highly developed equipment,
and chemical fertilizers have been introduced
to allow for off-season planting.
The most important tool for rice planting
has always been the plow. Generally, there atwo kinds: a single-shaft and a double-shaft
plows. The double-shaft plows are stronger
and generally used in hard clay fields where
plowing is harder to do. Though a simple too
a plow needs to be carefully designed and
made for the most efficiency.
While waiting for the rain to come before
plowing began, farmers need to prepare rice
saplings to be planted in the paddies.
The sapling plots are usually nearer to the w
The basket of seed grains is soaked in wate
to get rid of the unhealthy seeds. Then the
seed grains are put into another basket linedwith dry hay or grass. They are regularly
watered until they sprout into seedlings.
The seedlings will be sowed in the pre-plowe
sapling plots. Farmers have to wait until the
saplings are more than a foot tall before they
are ready to be re-planted.
Harvesting the saplings has always been
considered womens task. The saplings will
Rice planting
in the North.
86
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
65/69
uprooted, and the earth by the root slightly
shaken off in water. The saplings must be evenout by the root ends, before being fastened into
bunches. The leaves will be cut short to allow
them to re-grow. The saplings are then carried
to the paddies.
Once the rain comes, the plowing process
begins with the first plowing to upturn the earth,
in order to allow dry grass to die out. Then the
farmer needs to plow the field once again to
prune it. Both plowings are done after the rain
has softened the ground. After that, the farmer
must use a harrow to rake off the weeds and to
level the plowed field.
Sapling planting begins at the first plotbecause the grains from this plot will be kept for
the rice blessing ceremony and for reproduction
in the next planting season. To plant the
saplings in the paddy fields, the farmer
holds 6-7 of them in one hand while the thumb
of the other hand pokes into the muddy field
to make holes for the saplings. Farmers usually
plant in rows until they have covered the whole
area. They often take turns to help each other
in planting all the fields. This collaboration,locally called long-khaek in Thai, makes
the planting fast and more efficient.
This collaborative strategy of shared labor
is often used in other activities as well.
If the weather co-operates, the rice
fields will be lushly green in no time.
Around the tenth month on the lunar
calendar (September), the rice stalks will
be pregnant. The farmers need to tend to
their usual enemies such as field mice,
crabs, tortoises, and insects. Before the
invention of chemical pesticides, some
farmers resorted to supra-natural powers.They performed ceremonial rites, requesting
assistance from the Rice Goddess
(Mae Phosop) and other gods to ward
off the pest.
Plowing the paddy
fields in the CentralRegion.
87 Rice: The Staple of Thai Society
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
66/69
Rice Harvest
Harvest seasons vary according to the
kind of rice and planting technique used,
approximately between the end of the twe
month (November) and the beginning of th
first month of the following year (Decemb
Initially, farmers must have used a sharp
cutting tool, called "krae" still in use in the
southern region, made from a stone disc, a
piece of bone, or a sharpened shell. They ho
rice stalk in one hand, the tool in the other, acut it one by one. Though a slow process, th
harvest is usually thorough, and nothing is
wasted. No rice stalks will be left in the fields
The rice stalks will be bunched and brought
the kneading lawn.
The single-stalk cutter was later develop
into a longer crescent knife called " khiao." It
can cut a bunch of stalks at a time, and thus
makes rice harvest much faster.
The harvest normally begins early in the
morning. When the sun gets stronger, the
farmers stop for a rest and for breakfast.
After the noon meal, they can continue untilearly evening. The host farmer usually sees t
the meals for the guest helpers. Rice fields in
the Central Plains are usually very large.
Farmers, therefore, take turns to help each
other at every step of the planting process to
ensure that everything is done in time before
the weather changes.
After the harvest, the rice stalks are brou
to the kneading lawn. In the northern and the
northeastern regions, farmers with no space
for a kneading lawn often knead the rice sta
in the field and transport only the grains to th
storage.
A metal crescent blade witha wooden handle for rice harvest.
A southern harvest tool called
krae which might be used to
cut rice stalks individually.
88
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
67/69
Rice KneadingTo separate rice grains from the stalks,
they will be kneaded on a kneading lawn.The lawn, either a communal lawn for the
whole village or a private one, must be
carefully prepared. Farmers usually start
when the earth is still wet after the seasonal
flooding. Cattle are driven to walk repeatedly
in circle, in the designated area until the
ground is evenly flat and leveled. After that,
they repeatedly glaze the lawn surface with
liquefied cattle manure. The dried manure will
eventually pave the law surface, preventing
rice grains to fall into the ground and curbing
sand and soil from mixing with rice grains.
Before taking the rice stalks to the lawn,
farmers usually perform ceremonial rites to invite
Mae Phosop, the Rice Goddess, to accompany
the rice stalks to the lawn, and later from the
lawn to the storage.
Rice stalks will cleverly be stacked up in
pyramid-like piles around the lawn. In case of
rain, only those on the outside will get wet.
Before kneading, a head-high pole will be
planted in the middle of the lawn, topped with
a thorny branch to ward off birds, or a flower
garland for luck. Bunches of stalks will be
alternately placed in the circular lawn. A line of
cattle standing abreast as far as the outer rim of
the lawn is fastened to the pole. The aged oneswill be closer to the pole for their slow stride,
while the younger and stronger ones will be
placed on the outside. The cattle knead the
stalks with their repeated stride. The upper
layers of stalks with no grains left on them will
be taken away little by little until only the grains
are left on the lawn. The rice husks will be
stacked up in pagoda-like piles around the lawn
for later use. The grains will be sifted in order to
get rid of the unwanted dirt.
A haystack in the North.
89 Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
In the northern and the northeastern regions
where farmers knead the rice stalks in the paddy
fields, the methods used may vary. In certain
areas, farmers turn the paddy field into the
kneading lawn with the same method as that
of the Central Plains mentioned above. Then
they beat the rice stalks on to a kneading table,
allowing the grains to fall to the ground. Or,
they can beat them on a bamboo bench with
a mat or a plastic sheet underneath to receive
the grains. With a small amount of rice stalks,
farmers sometimes beat them in a bamboo
bowl-like basket specially made for this
function, which will store the grains before
being sifted.
Unlike their counterparts in the other regions,
farmers in the South do not immediately knead
the rice stalks after the harvest. They pile up all
the stalks in the rice barn in their household.
Once they need rice either for consumption or
for sale, they will knead the required amount of
rice stalks. They place the stalks on the mat or
a piece of animal hide, and trudge on them to
seperate the grains from the stalks.
All the different kneading methods and
tools locally used reflect ancestral wisdom in
materials design and selection. They could
effectively perform the tasks to serve the
farmers purpose before the rude invasion of
machinery to change the traditional way of rice
farming and the farmers life.
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
68/69
From Grains into Rice
Once farmers had acquired rice grains
they had to get rid of the hard husks befo
the rice was ready to be cooked. Normall
the grains were put in a huge mortar and
crushed with a long and heavy wooden
pestle. They would be crushed again in
a smaller mortar. This task was also
considered part of womens daily duties.
Villagers often prepared enough rice foronly one cooking. Newly crushed rice,
they believed, tasted and smelled better
than pre-crushed rice.
New equipment for rice milling was
developed when demand for rice had increa
The most primitive rice mill functioned in
the similar way as that of a grinding stone.
Overtime, a rice mill powered by steam,
and machines were invented and widely use
in Bangkok and its vicinity, before spreading
to further areas. Thai people no longer had t
crush rice everyday for their daily cooking po
Above
A traditional rice silo in
the North called Long Khao.
Right
A central-style cart
90
7/30/2019 : = Rice : The Staple of Thai Society
69/69
chopping block, and a sifter made from woven
bamboo strips.
When the cooking was done and the meal
was ready, family members gathered in a circle
around the meal. Different dishes prepared for
that meal were placed in the middle. Containers
used in a household were usually homemade,
or locally produced from neighboring villages.
In the North, to facilitate eating, dishes were
sometimes placed on a circular wooden tray
called tok. In the Northeast, similar objects
used were called pha khao.
While commoners often used simple terra cotta
plates and bowls, nobility or the wealthy could
use more elaborate crockery such as fine china
domestically made called Sangaloke.
In the Ayutthaya and Rattanakosin Periods,
fine crockery made to order from certain
European cities or from China was imported,
such as the five-colored and gilt crockery called
Bencharong, which was widely popular in
A Thai MealRice has long been the staple diet of the
Thai people. Even in one of the Sukhothai
inscriptions, it was recorded that In the
reign of Khun Ram Kamhaeng, fish were
[abundant] in the water and rice in the fields.
This statement is a crucial piece of evidence
to reflect the fertility of the land. Fish were
easy to find in any water bodies. M oreover,
it documented the combination of rice andfish as the Thais staple diet for both were
normally consumed together. Fish, as well as
some other aquatic animals such as crabs,
shellfish, and shrimps, were usually prepared
in many different ways to accompany rice.
Vegetables could always be collected from
the fields or the forest nearby.
For cooking, Thai people initially used
earthen pots. Later, bronze, copper, and
aluminum pots were developed and widely
used. A family usually had at least two pots,
the rice pot for rice cooking, and the curry pot
for anything soupy
Bencharong,
five-colored pottery of
the Rattanakosin Period.