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India part II India part II 1500-500bce1500-500bce

The mixing of Indo-European Aryans with The mixing of Indo-European Aryans with native Dravidian Indiansnative Dravidian Indians

StandardStandard SSWH2 The student will identify the major SSWH2 The student will identify the major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 BCE to 500 CE. 1100 BCE to 500 CE.

ElementElementa. a. Describe the development of Indian civilizationDescribe the development of Indian civilization; ; include the rise and fall of the Maurya Empire, the include the rise and fall of the Maurya Empire, the “Golden Age” under Gupta, and the emperor Ashoka.“Golden Age” under Gupta, and the emperor Ashoka.e. Explain how the geography of the Indian Subcontinent e. Explain how the geography of the Indian Subcontinent contributed to the movement of people and ideas. contributed to the movement of people and ideas.

What happened to the Harappan civilization on the Indus River?

Above: The Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro. Surrounding pics: various Harappan artifacts.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

                       

Theories about why the Indus Valley civilization ended around 1500 BCE

Harappans abandoning their city.

• The river may have changed course, natural disaster (caused by heavy monsoons)•Harappan civilization broke down from within due to:• The people may have overworked the land (overcutting trees, overgrazed, over farmed land depleting nutrients)• Invaders (Aryans)

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

WRITINGWRITING Indus Harappan script Indus Harappan script

has not been deciphered. has not been deciphered. This means basic This means basic

questions are still questions are still unanswered.unanswered.

Harappan script =Harappan script = Used 400 charactersUsed 400 characters both phonetic and both phonetic and

logographic logographic on thousands of clay on thousands of clay

seals and copper tablets.seals and copper tablets.

CultureCulture Peaceful people? – Peaceful people? –

few weapons foundfew weapons found Religious objects Religious objects

and symbols clearly and symbols clearly linked to Hinduismlinked to Hinduism

Debates about Debates about Hinduism Hinduism beginning as a beginning as a political structure political structure brought in by the brought in by the Aryans.Aryans.

Above: Terracotta household statues such as this female goddess are found

frequently in the region.

Burials?Burials? Very few grave sitesVery few grave sites Not as many preserved Not as many preserved

luxury goods.luxury goods. Why?Why? Possible cremations?Possible cremations? Why?Why? What does this tell us What does this tell us

about their society?about their society? What doesn’t this tell us What doesn’t this tell us

about their society?about their society?

End of the Indus Valley

• Repeated Floods caused the course of the Indus River to shift away from the cities

• New cultural group called Aryans migrate/invade and merge with the Indus Valley peoples

Central Asian Central Asian tribestribes

Nomadic peopleNomadic peopleGreat warriorsGreat warriorsDomesticated the Domesticated the horsehorse

Early iron Early iron workersworkers

Indo-Europeans Indo-Europeans (Aryans)(Aryans)

Aryan (Indo European) Migration Aryan (Indo European) Migration 1800BCE from Turkinistan through 1800BCE from Turkinistan through Kyber pass to IndiaKyber pass to India

Only land route Only land route between between middle east middle east and India for and India for trade and trade and invasioninvasion

Still important Still important today – India today – India and Pakistan and Pakistan both trying to both trying to control itcontrol it

Khyber Khyber PassPass

Ruled by a king and Ruled by a king and local rulerslocal rulers

Many City statesMany City states Brought Horses and Brought Horses and

advanced weapons to advanced weapons to India (conquered India (conquered India)India)

duty of the king was duty of the king was the protection of his the protection of his subjects, property, subjects, property, defense defense and maintenance of and maintenance of peace peace

culture spreads from culture spreads from the Indus to the the Indus to the Ganges RiverGanges River

Spoke SanskritSpoke Sanskrit

Aryan Political SystemAryan Political System

Small self-sufficient Small self-sufficient agricultural agricultural communitiescommunities

Iron Technology used Iron Technology used forfor farm toolsfarm tools increased food increased food

production (rice)production (rice) Weapons Weapons

Barter system Barter system commoncommon

Economy – Iron Age Economy – Iron Age beginsbegins

Indian gods Indian gods continue to be continue to be worshippedworshipped

Aryans bring new Aryans bring new gods and gods and Scriptures called Scriptures called VedasVedas

Combine to Combine to create Hinduism create Hinduism

ReligionReligion

Ayran/Hindu Social Ayran/Hindu Social StructureStructure

•Social Structure used by Aryans to control native Indians since warriors and priests are top

•Brahmins – warriors, priests

•Kshatriyas – rulers, warriors

•Vaishyas – farmers, merchants, artisans

•Sudras – laborers

•Dalits (untouchables) – unpleasant, polluted jobs; not directly owned by others.

•Strict segregation among castes.

•All based on the tribal concept of the Ayrans that people are NOT equal

Aryan/Vedic Civilization Aryan/Vedic Civilization 1500-500BCE1500-500BCE

Hindu Vedic Hindu Vedic PhilosophyPhilosophy

oldest written texts in oldest written texts in IndiaIndia

Veda means Veda means “Knowledge” in “Knowledge” in Sanskrit. Sanskrit.

Vedas inform and guide Vedas inform and guide Hindus like the Bible Hindus like the Bible guides Christians and guides Christians and the Koran guides the Koran guides MuslimsMuslims

Upanishads: Upanishads: literally means sitting in front literally means sitting in front ofof later Hindu Vedas later Hindu Vedas

(often poetic) that (often poetic) that teach the teach the metaphysical metaphysical foundations of the foundations of the Hindu faithHindu faith

Hare (ha-ray) Hare (ha-ray) Krishna’s war poem Krishna’s war poem is the most is the most important of the important of the Upanishads Upanishads

Rig Veda - Knowledge of Hymns, almost 11,000 versesRig Veda - Knowledge of Hymns, almost 11,000 verses ““There is only one truth, only men describe it in different ways.“There is only one truth, only men describe it in different ways.“

Ayur Veda - Knowledge of Medicine, over 100,000 versesAyur Veda - Knowledge of Medicine, over 100,000 verses Yajur Veda - Knowledge of Liturgy, 3,988 verses Yajur Veda - Knowledge of Liturgy, 3,988 verses Sama Veda - Knowledge of Classical Music, 1,549 verses Sama Veda - Knowledge of Classical Music, 1,549 verses

UpanishadsUpanishads Jyotisha – Astrology and Astronomy.Jyotisha – Astrology and Astronomy. Kalpa – Rituals and Legal matters.Kalpa – Rituals and Legal matters. Siksha – Phonetics.Siksha – Phonetics. Aitareya – Creation of the Universe, Man and Evolution.Aitareya – Creation of the Universe, Man and Evolution. Kama Sutra - Knowledge of Love and SexKama Sutra - Knowledge of Love and Sex Chandogya – Reincarnation, Soul.Chandogya – Reincarnation, Soul. Kaushitaki – Karma.Kaushitaki – Karma. Kena – Austerity, Work, and Restraint.Kena – Austerity, Work, and Restraint. Dharnur Veda – Science of Archery and War.Dharnur Veda – Science of Archery and War. Mundaka – Discipline, Faith and warning of Ignorance.Mundaka – Discipline, Faith and warning of Ignorance. Sulba Sutra – Knowledge of MathematicsSulba Sutra – Knowledge of Mathematics Yoga Sutra - Knowledge of MeditationYoga Sutra - Knowledge of Meditation

The Ancient Vedic The Ancient Vedic HymnsHymns

StandardStandard SSWH2 The student will identify the major SSWH2 The student will identify the major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 BCE to 500 CE. BCE to 500 CE.

ElementElementa. a. Describe the development of Indian civilizationDescribe the development of Indian civilization; include ; include the rise and fall of the Maurya Empire, the “Golden Age” under the rise and fall of the Maurya Empire, the “Golden Age” under Gupta, and the emperor Ashoka.Gupta, and the emperor Ashoka.e. Explain how the geography of the Indian Subcontinent e. Explain how the geography of the Indian Subcontinent contributed to the movement of people and ideas. contributed to the movement of people and ideas. List five facts that will help you remember List five facts that will help you remember this Element:this Element: