Transcript of Importance of the topic No of hits for Globalization with ‘z* and ‘s’ What is Globalization?...
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- Importance of the topic No of hits for Globalization with z*
and s What is Globalization? Definitions and views Dimensions
Economic Globalization
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- The word globalization entered into common parlance from about
1960, although the word global is reckoned to have been around for
over 4 centuries. It only gained academic significance from the
mid-to-early 1980s. Guinness (2003) describes it as the key idea by
which we understand the transition of human society into the 3 rd
millenium
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- Cited by Guinness, (2003), Roland Robertson, who is credited
with formalising the concept in 1992, defined the term as follows:
Globalsation as a concept refers both to the compression of the
world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a
whole. (p. 2) According to the Australian psychologist, Malcolm
Waters, globalization become a major historical process that
impacts on culture, but perhaps more crucial it is the central
substance of contemporary culture, bringing the centre to the
periphery and the periphery to the centre through the flow of
economic migrants. (Guinness, 2003)
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- The perception that globalization necessarily means
Westernization and Capitalism is disputed by the like of Legrain
and Robertson, who argue that the nature of ones job or
intellectual pursuits or interests determine ones view of
globalization, and cite the following in support of their argument:
While Kofi Annan, in his role as Secretary- General of the UN,
views globalization in terms of world inclusivity; Bill Gates, in
his position as CEO of Microsoft, views it as the world united by
the web
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- Stephen Codrington (2002) provides the following definitions of
Globalization: Generalized dictionary definition: to make worldwide
in scope or application IMF definition: Globalization is the
growing interdependence of countries world- wide through the
increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods
and services and of international capital flows, and also through
more the rapid and widespread diffusion of technology. OECD
definition (by Tatyana Soubbotina) Globalisation is the growing
interdependence of countries resulting from the increasing
integration of trade, finance, people and ideas in one global
marketplace. Geographer Paul Haggerts definition: Globalization is
the process by which events, activities and decisions in one part
of the world can have significant consequences for communities in
distant parts of the globe.
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- Globalization as Internationa lization Here globalization is
viewed 'as simply another adjective to describe cross-border
relations between countries'. Globalization as liberalization In
this broad set of definitions, 'globalization' refers to 'a process
of removing government-imposed restrictions on movements between
countries in order to create an "open", "borderless" world economy'
(Scholte 2000: 16). Globalization as universalization In this use,
'global' is used in the sense of being 'worldwide' and
'globalization' is 'the process of spreading various objects and
experiences to people at all corners of the earth' Globalization as
westernization or modernization ( especially in an 'Americanized'
form). Here 'globalization' is understood as a dynamic, 'whereby
the social structures of modernity (capitalism, rationalism,
industrialism, bureaucratism, etc.) are spread the world over,
normally destroying pre- existent cultures and local
self-determination in the process. Globalization as
deterritorialization (or as the spread of supraterritoriality).
Here 'globalization' entails a 'reconfiguration of geography, so
that social space is no longer wholly mapped in terms of
territorial places, territorial distances and territorial
borders.
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- Joseph Stiglitz, an economist and winner of the Nobel Prize
defines Globalization as follows: Globalization "is the closer
integration of the countries and peoples of the world...brought
about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation and
communication, and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the
flows of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and people across
borders." (from Globalization and its Discontents)
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- Globalization Political Dimension Socio-cultural Dimension
Economic Dimension Environmental Dimension
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- Paradigm Shifts from the Cold War to the Age of Globalization
Cold WarGlobalization Division Integration (of nations, markets and
technologies) the Wallthe Web 8% of world's countries have free
markets 28% of world's countries have free markets Different
culturesGlobal culture Weight (megatons)Speed (megabits) Power of
nations Power of individuals, markets
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- Anthony Giddens' has thus defined globalization as ' the
intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant
localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events
occurring many miles away and vice versa. (Giddens 1990: 64). David
Held et al (1999: 16) define globalization as a ' process (or set
of processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial
organization of social relations and transactions - assessed in
terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impact -
generating transcontinental or inter-regional flows and networks of
activity'. Here 'globalization' entails a 'reconfiguration of
geography, so that social space is no longer wholly mapped in terms
of territorial places, territorial distances and territorial
borders. Globalization as deterritorialization ( or as the spread
of supraterritoriality ). 1 2 3
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- "Globalization, global integration: a widening, deepening and
speeding up of interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary
social life from the cultural to the criminal, the financial to the
spiritual (Held and McGrew 1999: 2).
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- Of these five approaches/definitions it is only the last,
according to Scholte, that offers the possibility of a clear and
specific definition of globalization. The notion of
supraterritoriality (or trans-world or trans-border relations), he
argues, provides a way into appreciating what is global about
globalization.
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- B10. Globalization Either (a) Essay Evaluate the role of
tourism as a strategy to encourage economic development in less
economically developed countries (LEDCs). [20 marks] Or (b)
Structured question The diagram below illustrates a model covering
the operations of transnational corporations. (i) Define what is
meant by a transnational corporation (TNC). [2 marks] (ii) With
reference to a specific named TNC, describe the distribution of its
activities globally and assess how well it fits the model above. [8
marks] (iii) Examine the positive impacts that TNCs have in the
LEDCs in which they operate. Specific examples should be given
wherever possible. [10 marks]
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- B10. Globalization Either (a) Essay Describe major changes that
have occurred in global communication systems and assess how these
have helped to integrate the world economically and socially. [20
marks] Or (b) Structured question The table below shows the
contribution made by tourism to the economies of Gambia and the
United Kingdom. (i) Comment on the percentage and actual changes in
the values of tourism to the economies of both countries. [4 marks]
(ii) Assess the extent to which less economically developed
countries (LEDCs) can benefit economically from tourism. [8 marks]
(iii) Evaluate the negative impacts of tourism on the culture of
indigenous people in an LEDC. [8 marks]
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- B10. Globalization Either (a) Essay Referring to trade
agreements and tourism, assess how far globalization reduces the
differences between places. [20 marks] Or (b) Structured question
The diagram below shows one aspect of globalization. (i) Briefly
explain what is meant by cultural integration. [2 marks] (ii)
Explain how any two of the factors shown on the diagram contribute
to cultural integration. [2+2 marks] (iii) Identify two factors not
shown on the diagram. Suggest how these two factors affect cultural
integration.[4 marks] (iv) Using examples, analyse the social costs
of tourism. [10 marks]
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- Globalization Either Essay Mass tourism always brings social
and economic benefits to the host population in the countries of
destination. Evaluate this statement.[20 marks] Or (b) Structured
question The diagram below shows the value of world imports of
cultural goods (in billions of dollars) for the period 19802000.
(Cultural goods: these are defined as films, books, television,
journals, newspapers, computer software, games and sports goods.)
(i) Refer to the diagram. Explain why the total value of cultural
imports is greater than the combined total values of the big four
countries (USA, UK, Germany and France) and the LEDCs. [2 marks]
(ii) Describe the trends shown in the diagram. [3 marks] (iii)
Provide an explanation for these trends. [5 marks] (iv) Referring
to examples, discuss the positive and negative impacts of imported
cultural goods on LEDCs. [10 marks]
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- B10. Globalization Either Essay Explain how world economic
activity has become increasingly integrated. Refer to examples in
your answer. [20 marks] Or (b) Structured question The graph below
shows the number of international tourists arriving in each of the
worlds five regions. (i) Describe the changes in the number of
international tourist arrivals shown on the graph.[4 marks] (ii)
Explain the changes in the number of international tourist arrivals
in one of the world regions shown on the graph. [6 marks] (iii)
Using examples, discuss the economic costs and benefits of tourism
to LEDCs. [10 marks]
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- B10. Globalization Either Essay Discuss the extent to which the
process of globalization has reduced physical and cultural
diversity on an international scale. [20 marks] Or Structured
question If you choose to answer this question refer to the three
photographs in the Resources Booklet. The photographs in the
resources booklet and the table below show information on three
types of holidays in remote destinations. (i) With reference to the
photographs and the table, for each of the three destinations
identify: (a) one different negative impact[3 marks] (b) one
different positive impact.[3 marks] (ii) Explain the increasing
tourist demand for holidays in remote destinations. [6 marks] (iii)
Examine the success of strategies adopted to conserve a named
tourist destination. [8 marks]