A region on Earth’s surface with physical features, such as hills, valleys, and streams.

The shape (topography) and composition of the landscape is determined by the climate, bedrock, geologic structures, and human activities.

Topographic relief is the change in elevation between the highest and the lowest places.

Landscapes

Mountain landscapes have the greatest relief between the highest peaks and the deepest valleys.

A great variety of rock types are common. Mountains are common where converging

tectonic plates collide. Stream gradients are

high, and the fast moving streams quickly erode deep valleys between the mountain peaks.

Landscape Regions

Plateau landscapes are relatively flat or rolling uplands where streams have cut deep valleys.

Commonly underlain by flat layers of sedimentary rock.

Less topographic relief than mountains but more relief than the plains.

Landscape Regions

Plains have the least topographic relief. They may contain a few small hills, but are

generally flat and at low elevation. Commonly underlain by flat layers of

sedimentary rock.

Landscape Regions

Moist, Humid climates usually have rounded landscapes.

Slopes are not as steep because moist climates promote a protective cover of vegetation.◦ Plants cover protects the soil

from rapid runoff and erosion.

Climate Influence on Regions

Arid (dry) climates usually produce thin soils with little humus.

With little plant cover to protect the soil, sediment is carried away during rainfall.◦ Large areas of exposed bedrock and steep rock

faces are the result.

Climate Influence on Regions

Landscape Regions of the US

Landscape Regions of NY

Harder rocks will form hills and ridges. Erosion of the weaker rock will make the

major valleys.◦ Streams will tend to follow zones of weaker rock

and flow downhill.

Drainage Patterns

Drainage Patterns

Farming and construction projects can accelerate erosion and effect landscape development.

Farmers and engineers must be guided in planning their projects by appropriate conservation practices.

Human Activities Can Affect Landscapes