Post on 12-Jan-2016
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Charophytealgae
Fungi
Animals
Plants
1
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30 nm
2
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FERTILIZATIONMEIOSIS
Key
Alternation of generations
Mitosis
Gametophyte(n)
Gamete fromanother plant
Wall ingrowths
Mitosis
Spore Gamete
Zygote
MitosisSporophyte(2n)
Placental transfercell (blue outline)
Multicellular, dependent embryos
EmbryoMaternal tissue
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
10 m2 m
2n
n
n
n
n
3
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Gametophyte
Sporophyte
SporangiumSpores
Longitudinal section ofSphagnum sporangium(LM)
4
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Sporangia
Rhizoids
25 m
2 cm
5
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Hyphae
Mycelium
60 m
Reproductivestructure
Spore-producingstructures
6
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Fungal hypha
Haustorium
Plant cell
Plant cellplasmamembrane
Plantcellwall
7
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Zygote
Spores
PLASMOGAMY
Key
KARYOGAMY
GERMINATION MEIOSISGERMINATION
Spores SEXUALREPRODUCTION
ASEXUALREPRODUCTION
Heterokaryoticstage
Spore-producingstructures
Mycelium
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Heterokaryotic
8
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2.5 m
Chytrids (1,000 species)
Zygomycetes (1,000 species)
Glomeromycetes (160 species)
Ascomycetes (65,000 species)
Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)
25 m
Hyphae
9
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Origin of land plants
Origin of vascular plants
Origin of extant seedplants
ANCESTRALGREENALGA
Millions of years ago (mya)500
Angiosperms
450 400 350 300 50 0
3
2
1
Gymnosperms
Mosses
Hornworts
Lycophytes (clubmosses, spikemosses, quillworts)Monilophytes (ferns,horsetails, whisk ferns)
Liverworts
La
nd
pla
nts
Va
sc
ula
r pla
nts
Se
ed
pla
nts
Se
ed
les
sv
as
cu
lar
pla
nts
No
nv
as
cu
lar
pla
nts
(bry
op
hy
tes
)
10
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Sporophyte
Sporophyte(a sturdyplant thattakes monthsto grow)
Gametophyte
Gametophyte
Capsule
Seta
(b) Polytrichum commune, a moss
(c) Anthoceros sp., a hornwort
(a) Plagiochila deltoidea, aliverwort
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(a) Diphasiastrum tristachyum, alycophyte
Strobili(conelikestructuresin whichspores areproduced)
(b) Athyrium filix-femina, amonilophyte
2.5 cm 2.5 cm
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Sporophyte
Gametophyte
Example
PLANT GROUP
Mosses and othernonvascular plants
Ferns and otherseedless
vascular plants
Reduced, independent(photosynthetic andfree-living)
Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent onsurrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition
Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)
Dominant
Dominant DominantReduced, dependenton gametophyte fornutrition
Gametophyte(n)
Gametophyte(n)
Sporophyte(2n)
Sporophyte(2n)
Sporophyte (2n) Sporophyte (2n)
Gymnosperm Angiosperm
Microscopic femalegametophytes (n) insideovulate cone Microscopic female
gametophytes(n) inside these partsof flowers
Microscopicmalegametophytes(n) insidethese partsof flowersMicroscopic
malegametophytes (n)inside pollencone
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Pollen tube
Femalegametophyte (n)
Seed coat
Sporewall
Foodsupply(n)
Embryo (2n)
Egg nucleus(n)
Dischargedsperm nucleus(n)
Malegametophyte
Immatureovulate cone
Megaspore (n)
Integument (2n)
Spore wall
Megasporangium(2n)
Pollengrain (n)Micropyle
(a) Unfertilized ovule (b) Fertilized ovule (c) Gymnosperm seed
14
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(b) Douglas fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii)
(a) Sago palm (Cycas revoluta)
(c) Creeping juniper (Juniperushorizontalis)
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Sepal
Ovule
Petal
Style
Ovary
StigmaCarpel
Stamen
Filament
Anther
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A foliose (leaflike) lichen
Crustose(encrusting) lichens
(b) Anatomy of a lichen involving an ascomycete fungusand an alga
(a) Two common lichen growth forms
Fungal hyphae Algal cell
50
m
17
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Endophyte not present; pathogen present (E−P)
Both endophyte and pathogen present (EP)
E−P E−P EP EP
15
10
5
0
Le
af
mo
rta
lity
(%
)
Le
af
are
a d
am
ag
ed
(%
)
30
20
10
0
Results
18
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(a) Corn smut on corn
(c) Ergots on rye
(b) Tar spotfunguson mapleleaves
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(b) By 2009, much moreof this same tropicalforest had been cutdown.
(a) A satellite image from2000 shows clear-cutareas in Brazil (brown)surrounded by densetropical forest (green).
4 k
m
20
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Bilateral symmetry
Time since divergencefrom common ancestor
Radial symmetry
Commonancestor “Bilateral” clade
“Radial” clade
Comparenumbersof species
21