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Chapter 6

Police Management

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Styles of Policing

• watchman style• legalistic style• service style

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Watchman Style:• order maintenance• controlling illegal and

disruptive behavior• considerable use of

discretion

Styles of Policing

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Styles of Policing

Legalistic Style:

• committed to enforcing the letter of the law

• “laissez-faire” policing

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Styles of PolicingService Style:• reflect the needs of

the community• work with social services

and assist communities in solving problems

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Police-Community Relations

• 1960’s – A new style of service oriented policing emerged.

• Public-relations officers are appointed to “Neighborhood Watch” programs, drug-awareness workshops, etc.

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• strategic policing

• problem-solving policing

• community-oriented policing

Police-Community Relations

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Contemporary Policing

The Individual OfficerThe Individual Officer

Considerable discretion based on many factors including:

• background of the officer

• characteristics of the suspect

• department policy

• community interest

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Issues and ChallengesIssues and Challenges

• police stress

• on the job dangers

• use of deadly force

• public expectations surrounding

the enforcement of laws

• societal change

Contemporary Policing

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Police PersonalityJerome Skolnick

Justice without Trial (1966)Process of informal socializationthat includes six recognizable characteristics:

•conservative •cynical •hostile

•authoritarian•suspicious•individualistic

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Police CultureWilliam Westly (1953)

Police have their own:

• customs• laws• morality

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Working Personality

All aspects of the traditional values and patterns of behavior evidenced by police officers who have been effectively socialized into the police subculture.

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Working Personality

Characteristics of the police

personality often extend to the personal lives of law enforcement officers.

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Corruption and Integrity

Power, authority, and discretion produce great potential for abuse.

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Corruption is the abuse of police authority for personal or organizational gain.

Corruption and Integrity

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Corruption

Grass Eaters:

• most common form of corruption

• illegitimate activity which occurs from time to time in the normal

course of police work

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Grass EatersGratuitiesGratuities Playing FavoritesPlaying Favorites

not giving a friend a ticket

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Minor BribesMinor Bribes

Intentional SpeedingIntentional Speeding

Grass Eaters

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Corruption

• more serious form of corruption

• active seeking of illicit money-making opportunities by officers

Meat Eaters:

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Role Malfeasance

Major Bribes

Meat Eaters

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Meat Eaters• protecting “corrupt” cops• property crimes committed by

police• burglary• theft• criminal enterprises• resale of confiscated drugs• resale of stolen property

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Meat Eaters• denying civil rights• specific acts prevent due

process• violent crimes committed by

police• physical abuse of suspects• nonjustifiable homicide

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Integrity Promoting police integrity by:• integrating police ethics

training into programs• conducting research in the

area of ethics• studying departments that are

models in the area of police

ethics

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Drug Testing of Police Employees

National Institute of Justice - 1986

• 33 large police departments were sampled.

• Almost all departments had written procedures to test employees who were reasonably suspected

of drug abuse.

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• 73 % of the departments were testing recruits.

• 21 % were considering testing all officers.

Drug Testing of Police Employees

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Dangers in Police Work

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Risk of Disease

• AIDS• Hepatitis B• Tuberculosis

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Possible Ways of Transmission• from breath alcohol instruments • handling evidence of all types• handling implements such as

staples• emergency delivery of a baby• risk of bite attacks by infected

individuals• body removal

Risk of Disease

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Stress• normal component

of police work

• ranks among top ten stress producing jobs in United States

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Serious stress over long periods can be destructive and life threatening.

Stress

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Four Types• external• organizational• personal• operational

Stress

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Stress: ExternalReal dangers when

answering calls:Real dangers when

answering calls:

• fights in progress• possible gun play• hostage situations• high speed car

chases

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Stress: Organizationalgenerated by factors like paperwork, training requirements, and testifying in court

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Stress: Personalinterpersonal

relationships among officers

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Stress: Operational

impact of the need to combat tragedies

of daily urban life

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Stress/Frustration• Reality is far

from ideal.

• An arrest may not lead to conviction.

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• Evidence may not be admissible.

• Jury may acquit. • Sentences may not be long enough.

Stress/Frustration

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Police become frustrated bythe inability to be effective, regardless of the amount of personal effort they put forth.

Stress/Frustration

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The suicide rate for police officers is twice that of thegeneral population.

Stress/Frustration

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1983 Lawsuits

Title 42, Section 1983• passed by Congress in 1871• allows for civil suits to be

brought against anyone [including police] for denying others their constitutional rights to life, liberty or property without due process

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Police Use of Force

use of physical restraint by a police officer when dealing with a member of the public

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Imminent Danger Standard

restricts the use of deadly force to ONLY those situations where the lives of agents or others are in danger