Post on 20-Dec-2015
© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 1
CPE/CSC 580: Knowledge Management
CPE/CSC 580: Knowledge Management
Dr. Franz J. Kurfess
Computer Science Department
Cal Poly
© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 2
Course OverviewCourse Overview Introduction Knowledge Processing
Knowledge Acquisition, Representation and Manipulation
Knowledge Organization Classification, Categorization Ontologies, Taxonomies, Thesauri
Knowledge Retrieval Information Retrieval Knowledge Navigation
Knowledge Presentation Knowledge Visualization
Knowledge Exchange Knowledge Capture, Transfer,
and Distribution Usage of Knowledge
Access Patterns, User Feedback
Knowledge Management Techniques Topic Maps, Agents
Knowledge Management Tools
Knowledge Management in Organizations
© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 3
Overview Knowledge UsageOverview Knowledge Usage
Motivation Objectives Chapter Introduction
Important Concepts and Terms
Chapter Summary
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LogisticsLogistics Introductions Course Materials
textbook handouts Web page CourseInfo/Blackboard System and Alternatives
Term Project Lab and Homework Assignments Exams Grading
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Using Knowledge Using Knowledge
What do we want when we look for information or knowledge? answers, not documents!
current retrieval systems identify documents that may or may not contain the answer irrelevant documents partial answers multiple answers
inconsistent, wrong context, …
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Current Usage of Retrieval SystemsCurrent Usage of Retrieval Systems
tools to identify potentially relevant documentsformulation of questions as unnatural queries
either simplistic sets of keywords, or complex expressions
ranking of retrieved documents according to obscure criteria re-formulation of queries to influence ranking
mostly batch processing submit query wait view result
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Better Usage of Retrieval SystemsBetter Usage of Retrieval Systems
provide answers to questionsfind the right information fastanalyze information, combine it into easily digestible
formatssummarize longer documents, sets of related
documentsrelate it to decisions to be made
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Pre-TestPre-Test
© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 10
MotivationMotivation
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ObjectivesObjectives
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Knowledge Usage in ContextKnowledge Usage in Context
terminology dissemination, utilization, diffusion, technology transfer
knowledge dissemination and utilization traditional model conceptual and instrumental use related terms
knowledge use as learning processknowledge life span
usefulness and accessibility of knowledge
knowledge life cycle activities dealing with knowledge throughout its useful life
© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 14
What is Knowledge Utilization?What is Knowledge Utilization?
no clear definitionoften used interchangeably with
knowledge dissemination knowledge transfer knowledge usage
usually assume two aspects distribution of knowledge, information, or products incorporation of conceptual or instrumental use of
knowledge into relevant activities
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Knowledge Dissemination and Utilization
Knowledge Dissemination and Utilization
due to a number of factors, existing knowledge is not used effectively driven by the dissemination side (researchers), rather than
the knowledge use side (practitioners) finding practical applications of knowledge is often left to potential
users
lack of coordinated knowledge utilization activities ad hoc dissemination models, very few attempts at systematic
approaches to utilization
cumbersome accessibility finding and accessing knowledge has been the domain of
specialists (librarians, consultants)
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Dissemination TypesDissemination Typesspread
one-way diffusion or distribution of knowledge and information
choice users actively seek and acquire knowledge from established or
alternative sources users learn about their options
exchange interactions between people multi-directional flow of knowledge and information
implementation technical assistance, training, interpersonal activities
[NCDDR 1996]
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Extension Model of Knowledge UseExtension Model of Knowledge Use
rational, linear conception of the process of knowledge utilization knowledge is packaged and moved from one place to
another based on the assumption that knowledge can be arranged into
definable, useable units that can be transmitted easily
“getting the word out” based on the hope that potential users will hear about it,
and be willing and capable to utilize it does not reflect the use of knowledge in many situations
[NCDDR 1996]
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Complex Model of Knowledge UseComplex Model of Knowledge Use
the process usually is not rational nor linear complex
multiple sources, multiple media and paths of delivery interdependencies between individual knowledge items context may be critical
transactional may involve transactions between source (expert) and user
dependent on the background of potential users pre-existing knowledge, beliefs, experiences
the user is involved in the usage process problem-solver constructor of a personal knowledge base
[NCDDR 1996]
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Knowledge UsageKnowledge Usage
conceptual use changes in levels of knowledge, understanding, or attitude
instrumental use changes in behavior and practice
strategic use manipulation of knowledge to attain specific goals
power, profit, political gain
[NCDDR 1996]
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Knowledge Usage MetaphorsKnowledge Usage Metaphors
“tabula rasa” the learner’s mind is an empty slate upon which people “in
the know” impress knowledge
learner as a sponge soaking up knowledge, largely without filtering or
processing
brain as a computer processes information in a systematic fashion as it is
received from outside sources
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Knowledge Use as Learning ProcessKnowledge Use as Learning Process
role of knowledge dynamic set of understandings influenced by its originators
and its users
role of the learner actively filters and shapes knowledge
integration into existing knowledge
constructs models of the the environment explanations to make sense of the world
pre-existing (mis-)understandings may have to be changed they result in discrepancies of the mental model
[NCDDR 1996]
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Dimensions of Knowledge Utilization
Dimensions of Knowledge Utilization
dissemination source originator of information initiator of dissemination
content new knowledge supporting information
dissemination medium packaging and transmission of knowledge
user person or organization to receive and apply the knowledge
[NCDDR 1996]
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Knowledge Life SpanKnowledge Life Span
[Kaplan 1997]
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Knowledge Life CycleKnowledge Life Cycle
[Kaplan 1997]
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Utilization of Knowledge AssetsUtilization of Knowledge Assets
[Konno 2000]
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Knowledge Usage IssuesKnowledge Usage Issues
selection of knowledgecomposition of knowledgemerging of knowledge itemsmodification of knowledgemodification of system aspectspreservation of consistencyuser motivation
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Knowledge Usage TemplateKnowledge Usage Template
[Skyrme 1999]
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KM Benefits TreeKM Benefits Tree
[Skyrme 1999]
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Technology vs. UsageTechnology vs. Usage
Today’s Technology Centered Systems
User and Usage Centered
Query
Task Context
Organize
ThinkSelect
Evaluate
Output
Collaborate
BrowseTransfer into Search
Gather
Store
Create
Plan
[Griffin 2000]
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Carnegie Mellon University: Digital Video Libraries• speech, image and natural language technologies
integration
Univ of Michigan: Intelligent Agent Architectures
• software agents; resource federation; artificial service market economies; educational impact
Stanford Univ: Uniform Access
• interoperability; protocols & standards; distributed object architectures; interface design for distributed information retrieval
full-content search and retrieval of video segments
general access, extensibility for heterogeneous distributed resources
new DL cross-disciplinary capabilities, intellectual perspectives and linkages
Project/Research Focus research goal
Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI)Phase 1 ProjectsDigital Libraries Initiative (DLI)Phase 1 Projects
[Griffin 2000]
© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 31
Project/Research Focus
Univ of California, Santa Barbara: Geographic Information Systems
• spatially-indexed data; content-based retrieval; image-compression; metadata
Univ of Illinois: Intelligent Search and the Net• large-scale information retrieval across knowledge
domains; semantic search; SGML; user/usage studies
Univ of California, Berkeley: Media Integration and Access
• new models of “documents”; natural language processing; content-based image retrieval; innovative interface design
resources for geosciences research and education communities
new models and services for multi-media information management in a networked world
semantic retrieval across the net; alternatives for publishers of scientific journals
research goal
Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI)Phase 1 ProjectsDigital Libraries Initiative (DLI)Phase 1 Projects
[Griffin 2000]
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Computer & Communications CompaniesDigital Equipment CorpXerox CorpXerox PARCIntel CorpApple CorporationBellcoreEastman Kodak CoIBMLockheedInterconnect Tech CorpEnterprise Integration (EIT)BellcoreIntervalMicrosoft CorpBell Atlantic Network ServicesAT&THewlett PackardUnited TechnologiesSoftquadBRS/DatawareSpyglassHitachi
Professional SocietiesAmerican Math Society (AMA)ACMIEEEAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)American Physical SocietyAmerican Institute of PhysicsNCGIAAssociation of Research Libraries
Government Agencies and LabsDMA/CIOU S NavyUSGSNASA/ARCRes Agcy of CaliforniaSan Diego Assn of Govts
LibrariesProject Site Univ LibsUSGS LibraryLibrary of CongressCalifornia State LibrarySonoma County LibrarySt. Louis Public LibraryNew York Public Libs
Other UniversitiesSUNY BuffaloUniv of MaineUniv of ArizonaOpen University, U.K.Univ of WisconsinUniv of ColoradoMITCornell Univ
Publishers/Content ProvidersElsevier Science GroupEncyclopedia BritannicaMcGraw-Hill PublishersDialog Information ServicesO'ReillyWAIS IncQED CommunicationsJohn Wiley & SonsU.S. News & World ReportM&T PublishingTribune CompanyUMI
-- DLI Lead Institutions --Carnegie Mellon University of California, Berkeley University of IllinoisStanford University University of Michigan Univ of California, Santa Barbara
Other/Non-ProfitsCNRIEnvironmental Systems Res InstMellon FoundationKellogg FoundationGetty Foundation
Primary & Secondary SchoolsProject-local comm schoolsFairfax County Public SchoolsWinchester-Thurston SchoolAnn Arbor Public SchoolsStuyvesant High School, NYCShasta County Ofc of Edu
Flow of Resources, Technologies, Knowledge, Intellectual Products
International OrgsERCIM
DLI Collaboration and PartneringDLI Collaboration and Partnering
[Griffin 2000]
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PharmaceuticalDesign
StructuralBiology
ChemicalDynamics
Com
pu
ter
Sp
eed
in B
illi
on o
f O
per
atio
ns
per
Sec
ond
1970 1980 1990 2000
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Airfoil
48 Hour Weather
2D PlasmaModeling
72 HourWeather
3D Plasma
Modeling
Vehicle Signature
Climate ModelingFluid TurbulenceHuman Genome
Ocean CirculationQuantum ChromdynamicsSemiconductor ModelingSuperconductor ModelingViscous Fluid Dynamics
Vision and Cognition
Estimate of HiggsBoson Mass
Grand Challenge RequirementsGrand Challenge Requirements
[Griffin 2000]
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Traffic Requirements for Bandwidth
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1010
Steady Bursty
CompositeImaging
InteractiveVisualization
VideoTeleconf
TextFile
Transfer
CollaborationTechnology
DistributedComputing
ImageTransfer
Multi-MediaDatabaseAccess
Multi-MediaMail
Electronic Mail
CharacterData Transfer
Ban
dw
idth
Pea
k R
ate
Application RequirementsApplication Requirements
[Griffin 2000]
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Computing Capability (FLOPS)
Network Capability(bandwidth)
Two Dimensional Thinking,Early 1990s...
Two Dimensional Thinking,Early 1990s...
[Griffin 2000]
© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 36
Computing (flops)Digital content
Com
mun
icat
ions
(ban
dwid
th, c
onne
ctiv
ity)
Digital Libraries technologytrajectory: intellectualaccess to globally distributed information
less more
Three Dimensional Thinking, Mid-90s...
Three Dimensional Thinking, Mid-90s...
[Griffin 2000]
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Today: Context and StructureToday: Context and Structure
[Griffin 2000]
© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 39
Data 01001001100011111100
Information
Knowledge
Understanding The universe is expanding!
cont
ext
anal
ysis
stru
ctur
e
Infe
renc
e
Evolution of UnderstandingEvolution of Understanding
[Griffin 2000]
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LifeSciences
2000
PhysicalSciences
Engineering
Life Sciences
Information Sciences
PhysicalSciences
Engineering
2010
Information Sciences
Social Sciences,Humanities
Social Sciences,Humanities
A Vision of Disciplinarity in 2010A Vision of Disciplinarity in 2010
[Griffin 2000]
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FY 1999 Competition Data ~50 proposals requesting $25M ~30 countries Formal Program with UK/JISC (Circular 15/98)
International Digital Libraries Collaborative Research ProgramInternational Digital Libraries
Collaborative Research Program
[Griffin 2000]
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http://www.euromktg.com/globstats/
April 1999
English 107.2M 56.5%non-English 82.7M 43.5% European 54.9M 30.0%
By end of year 2000
English 160Mnon-English 167M
Languages and the InternetLanguages and the Internet
[Griffin 2000]
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Stanford InfoBus: CORBA distributed object technology
ICIC IC
PM
PM
IS
LS LS LSPM
PM
ISIS
IPS
PM
IPS
PM: Protocol Machine
LS: Library Service
IC: Interface Client
IS: Information Source
IPS: Information Processing Service
* objects, collections, services, platforms….
KM InfrastructureKM Infrastructure
[Griffin 2000]
© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 44
Traditional KM Stress: Service Selection, Organization, Structure
for Access Centralization, Standards Physical objects & standard genres
Contemporary Technological Capabilities (e.g. WWW) Stress: Flexibility, Openness Rapid Evolution Decentralization (geographic,
administrative) Digital objects, old + new genres
Design Space for KM Systems
& Beyond
Merging Intellectual PerspectivesMerging Intellectual Perspectives
[Griffin 2000]
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Audio Level
Key Words
Word Relevance
Camera Motion
Scene Changes
Histogram Scene Analysis
© Carnegie Mellon University 2/96
Application of Integrated TechnologiesApplication of Integrated Technologies
[Griffin 2000]
© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 46UC Berkeley Digital Library Testbed
Building Large Collections of Diverse Information
Building Large Collections of Diverse Information
Type Examples June 96 Dec 96
Documents articles, EIRs,water reports
40,900pp.
20 GB 96,600pp
48GB
Images DWRwildflowersCorelHabitatsTotal
14,8382,90522,000039,743 238GB
15,5067,43728,10115852,000 306GB
Aerialphotos
Suisun MarchSac-SJ Delta
5000img
3.4GB 500 img 3.4GB
SensorData
Delta fish flow 30days
.02MB 30days .02MB
GIS Data dams, fish,watersheds,etc.
various 50MB various 52MB
DOQs SF Bay Area 102 img 5GB 102 Img 5GB
Digital LineGraphs
SF BayNorth Coast
100MB100MB
Total 268GB 363GB
[Griffin 2000]
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1965
1975
1985
1995
2000
2010ARPANET Internet KnowledgeNet
PROTOCOLS IP FTP HTTP CORBA Semantic Agents
SERVICES Distributed Files
GlobalHypermedia
DistributedObjects
GlobalSemantics
FUNCTIONProof ofConcept
Access Analysis
UNITS Packets Files Links Objects Concepts
??
??
??
New ConceptualizationsNew Conceptualizations
[Griffin 2000]
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GoalsGoals
gather information and build collections conversion of existing collections creation of new collections from scratch integration of collections
create new communities communication evaluation collaboration
make technology disappear from our awareness and experience
[Griffin 2000]
© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 49
Usage AspectsUsage Aspects
collection and evaluation of usage information single items vs. sets of items individuals vs. groups temporal relationships info-space relationships
examples relevance feedback, user profiles, citation analysis, hypertext
links, collaborative filtering
problems technical aspects, quantity of data privacy
© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 50
Post-TestPost-Test
© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 52
ReferencesReferences [Griffin 2000] Stephen M. Griffin, Digital Libraries Initiative, National
Science Foundation, www.dli2.nsf.gov, 2000 [Kaplan 1997] R.M. Kaplan, Knowledge Management - Access to an
Untapped Resource, October 1997. [Konno 2000] Noburu Konno, Knowledge Strategy and “Ba” - The Practice
of Knowledge-Based Management. Column, Inc., 2000. [NCDDR 1996] A Review of the Literature on Dissemination and
Knowledge Utilization. National Center for the Dissemination of Disability Research (NCDDR), www.ncddr.org, 1996
[Skyrme 1999].David Skyrme. Knowledge Usage Template. David Skyrme Associates, www.skyrme.com, 1999.
[Gil 2000]
© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 53
Important Concepts and TermsImportant Concepts and Terms natural language processing neural network predicate logic propositional logic rational agent rationality Turing test
agent automated reasoning belief network cognitive science computer science hidden Markov model intelligence knowledge representation linguistics Lisp logic machine learning microworlds
© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 54
Summary Knowledge UsageSummary Knowledge Usage
© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 55